Product Code Database
Bogor City (), or Bogor (, ), is a landlocked city in West Java, Indonesia. Located around south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide.[1] Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014 Kementerian Kesehatan The city covers an area of 111.39 km2, and it had a population of 950,334 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,043,070 at the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The official population estimate as at the end of 2023 was 1,127,408.
Bogor is an important center of economy, science, cultural heritage and tourism in Indonesia because this city is a mountainous area that used to be a resting place for Dutch nobles during the Dutch colonial period because of its cool climate and the many classical European-style buildings in the city.Dutch colonial architecture around the world". SkyscraperCity Forum. Retrieved 2022-06-11. During the Middle Ages, the city served as the capital of the Sunda Kingdom () and was called Pakuan Pajajaran or Dayeuh Pakuan. During the Dutch colonial era, it was named Buitenzorg ( "without worries" in Dutch) and served as the summer residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.
With several hundred thousand people living in an area of about , the central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a Istana Bogor and a botanical garden () – one of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "Rainy City" ( Kota Hujan), because of frequent rain showers, even during the dry season.
In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the Asia-Pacific institutions and the APEC summit of 15 November 1994.
Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000. The name Pajajaran was then used from the 16th century for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan. The chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit, which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the Pallava script, on rock called prasasti. The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city.
From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King Siliwangi ( Sri Baduga Maharaja) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday.
In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of the Sultanate of Banten, causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades.
The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese people employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area. It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the Mount Salak volcano (). However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations. In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village"). In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern Bogor Regency.
The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC Abraham van Riebeeck (the son of the founder of Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies). The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees. The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot Jakarta which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.
In 1746, by the order of the Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native settlements were merged into an administrative division named Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns", meaning "without worries" or "carefree", cf. Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in French). Around the same time, the first reference to Bogor as the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace. Later this name became used for the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg. This name is believed to originate from the Javanese word bogor meaning sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata) or bokor (a large bowl made from metal), which is still used in the Indonesian language. Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word bhagar (meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local residents.
The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques.
On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake. Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption. The Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European, Chinese and Arab migrants within the city.
In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia. In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor. This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province.
On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Muhammad Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java,() which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948 (). This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation. In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (, RIS) established at the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August2 November 1949. In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950, and its name was officially declared as Bogor.
The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks. Given the proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly seismic. The total area of green space is 205,000 m2, of which 87,000 m2 are Bogor Botanical Gardens, 19,400 m2 are taken by 35 parks, 17,200 m2 by 24 groves and 81,400 m2 are covered with grass.
Several rivers flow through the city toward the Java Sea. The largest ones, Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by cement tubes in many places. It is worth noting that "ci" in the river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included in national and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city, including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ Gede (lit. Great Lake), each with an area of several hectares. Rivers and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area.
The rapid population growth in Bogor after 1960 is related to urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of the country. The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000 people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709 permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city. Men constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population; 28.39% of the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65 years and 3.51% – over 65 years. The 2005 estimate of the life expectancy was 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java and one of the highest in Indonesia.
The majority of population (93%) are with about 6% Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the city, as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese community) and Hindu communities.
Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit for their new church.
Table based on Ethnicities in the 2000 Indonesian Population Census below;
| ! style="background:#E0F0FF;"No ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Ethnicity ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Population (2000) ! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | % |
| 2 | Javanese people | 75,880 | 10.15% |
| 3 | Chinese | 19,604 | 2.62% |
| 4 | Betawi people | 17,347 | 2.32% |
| 5 | Batak people | 11,124 | 1.49% |
| 6 | Minangkabau | 8,439 | 1.13% |
| 7 | Cirebonese | 670 | 0.09% |
| 8 | Bantenese people | 379 | 0.05% |
| 9 | Others | 45,974 | 6.14% |
| Bogor Sundanese | All sub-districts ( kelurahan) in city of Bogor |
| Sundanese (Priangan) | East Bogor (Sindangrasa, Sindangsari) dan South Bogor (Bojongkerta, Harjasari, Kertamaya, Rancamaya) |
| Betawi language | Tanahsareal (Cibadak, Kayumanis, Kencana, Mekarwangi, Sukadamai, Sukaresmi) |
| 32.71.01 | South Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Selatan | 31.16 | 181,392 | 204,030 | 219,309 | 7,038 | 0.41% | 16 | 16131 - 16139 |
| 36.71.02 | East Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Timur | 10.75 | 95,098 | 104,327 | 108,919 | 10,132 | 0.26% | 6 | 16141 - 16146 |
| 32.71.03 | Central Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Tengah | 8.11 | 101,398 | 96,258 | 109,057 | 13,447 | -0.82% | 11 | 16121 - 16129 |
| 32.71.04 | West Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Barat | 23.08 | 211,084 | 233,637 | 254,629 | 11,033 | 0.26% | 16 | 16111 - 16119 |
| 32.71.05 | North Bogor | Kecamatan Bogor Utara | 18.88 | 170,443 | 186,724 | 204,454 | 10,829 | 1.14% | 8 | 16151 - 16158 |
| 32.71.06 | Tanahsareal | Kecamatan Tanahsareal | 21.25 | 190,919 | 218,094 | 231,040 | 10,873 | 0.61% | 11 | 16161 - 16169 |
Despite the economic growth, the number of citizens living below the poverty level (defined by not only income, but also access to basic social services) is increasing, primarily due to the inflow of poor residents from the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice as high than in 2006 (9.5%) Minimum wage is established by the West Java Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month.
| Trade, hotel and restaurant business | 30.14 |
| Industry | 28.2 |
| Financial services | 13.77 |
| Transport and communication | 9.7 |
| Customer services | 7.54 |
| Construction | 7.48 |
| Energy and water supply | 3.16 |
| Agriculture, fishing | 0.36 |
In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises in Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom worked at the 114 largest companies. The outskirts of the city contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111 hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming. The main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in 2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes), corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480 tonnes). The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of 2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than 2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000).
About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in ponds and paddy fields. Breeding aquarium fish and also catching them in their natural habitat is an important industry sector, which yielded US$367,000 from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and Middle East. A substantial part of other Bogor production, 144 billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear (to US, European Union, ASEAN, Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, New Zealand), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East). Most of the local sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine supermarkets and seven major markets.
The main tourist attraction is the Bogor Botanical Garden. Founded in 1817, it contains more than 6,000 species of tropical plants. Besides, about 42 bird species breed within the garden, although this number is declining and was 62 before 1952.Patrick L. Osborne Tropical ecosystems and ecological concepts, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 277 The garden's 87-hectare area within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in suburban town of Cibodas. Much of the original rainforest was preserved within the garden providing specimens for scientific studies. The garden was also enriched by collections of palms, bamboos, cacti, orchids and ornamental trees. It became famous in the late 19th century and was visited by naturalists from abroad to conduct scientific research. For example, the Russian St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences had a Buitenzorg scholarship for young scientists to work at Bogor.
On the grounds of the botanic garden, there is a cemetery established in 1784. It contains 42 historical graves of the Dutch colonial officials, military officers, and scientists, who served in Bogor, Jakarta, and other cities in West Java from the late 18th to early 20th centuries. Nearby, there are three graves from the early Sunda Kingdom (15th century): the wife of the founder of Bogor Siliwangi, Galuh Mangku Alam, vizier Ba'ul, and commander Japra. The locals regard these individuals as the city's patrons. The staff of Bogor garden also administer three other major gardens of Indonesia: the Cibodas Botanical Garden founded 1862 in West Java, the Purwodadi Botanical Garden in East Java and the Bali Botanic Garden founded in 1959 on Bali island.
Another tourist attraction is the presidential palace with the total area of 28 hectares, including 1.8492 hectares of the palace buildings. The palace is surrounded by a park with a small pond. The park is home to a herd of tame deer and is open to the public most of the year. The palace is accessible during holidays, such as the City Day and Independence Day; it has a collection of 450 paintings and 360 sculptures.
Bogor was the capital of the Sunda Kingdom in the Middle Ages. Sundanese people dominates as in other areas of West Java. The city and its suburbs contain dozens of medieval stone stelae (prasasti). Fifteen inscriptions of the greatest historical and cultural value are collected in a special museum, one of which is the Batutulis inscription. In the southern part of Bogor city there is the tomb of Raden Saleh, a famous 19th-century Dutch East Indies painter and in the western part of Bogor city there is a large lake Gede (area 6 hectares) surrounded by protected forest areas and forest parks. In the protected area there are several research facilities, and recreational areas host sports, boating, and fishing activities.
Bogor is one of the leading cities of Indonesia by the number of museums, some of which are among the oldest and largest in the country. The Zoological Museum () which was opened in 1894 by the Dutch colonial administration as an adjunct to the Botanic Gardens and contains thousands of exhibits. Other prominent museums are more recent. The museum of ethnobotany () was opened in 1982 and has more than 2000 exhibits; the museum of the earth (, 1988) displays hundreds of soil and rock samples from different parts of Indonesia; the museum of the struggle (, 1957) is devoted to the history of the Indonesian national liberation movement; and Pembela Tanah Air Museum (1996) reflects the history of the Indonesian military militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland") created during World War II by the Japanese occupation administration.
Other historical places are Bogor Cathedral – built in 1750, it is one of the oldest operational Catholic churches in Indonesia, and the Buddhist temple Hok Tek Bio, built in 1672 in the classical southern Chinese style. It is the first Buddhist temple in Bogor and one of the oldest in Indonesia. The Jaksa Waterfall is located near the city. It is located within a picturesque lowland rainforest setting.
The city has a drama theater, dozens of movie theaters, nine of which (as of mid-2010) are built to international standards. The presidential palace, administrative buildings, and universities regularly host art exhibitions, and there are regular festivals of folk art, conferences, and culture-related seminars, such as the Congress of Indonesian culture () of 2008. Besides all the tourist attractions above, Bogor also offers a variety of shopping malls or stores including Botani Square, Bogor Trade Mall, Lippo Plaza, Plaza Indah Bogor, etc.
Bogor launched a bus service that can go around the city of Bogor called which starts their tour at Bogor Botanical Gardens. The bus route will start from Alun-alun Botani and end at the same place. This service was inaugurated by Bogor Mayor Bima Arya on January 1, 2017. This bus is called UNCAL, which means "Unforgettable City Tour in a Fun City".
There are two major bus terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100 m2 and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the latter (area 11,850 m2) serves urban passenger routes. A separate station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55 kilometers from Bogor. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of traditional Indonesian Cycle rickshaw ( becak) at more than 2,000 units as of 2009. The Bogor railway station was built in 1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70 departures and 70 arrivals per day. The Bogor Paledang railway station opened in 2013 to serve trains to Sukabumi.
The 25 hospitals of Bogor are:
Bogor traditional arts include unique dances and music. Typical dances such as Parebut seeng, is a martial arts performed by Sundanese men in order to show their intention to propose to someone and Angklung Gubrag, a traditional bamboo musical instrument that's still preserved and often played in agricultural rituals, particularly rice harvest ceremonies to honor Dewi Sri.
There are two culinary centers in the city of Bogor, the first near the or better known as Alun-alun kota bogor which is a city park which is a gathering place for city residents to carry out social, cultural, and recreational activities. The Bogor City Square was inaugurated by the Bogor City Government on Friday, December 17, 2021 and the second is on Suryakencana Street, this street is a Chinatown area, visitors will find houses of native Chinese residents and buildings from ancient times because this area has indeed functioned as a commercial area since the Dutch colonial era.
The two municipal TV channels, Bogor TV and Megaswara TV, broadcast at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java. There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in the FM and 10 in the AM range.
The prevailing profile of research and academic activity was retained in Bogor Indonesia after gaining independence. As in the second half of the 20th century, in the 2000s the strongest areas were agricultural, biology, and veterinary sciences. The main educational and scientific center with the utmost national importance is IPB University, which in addition to educational facilities, includes dozens of research centers and laboratories.
Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting research on forestry and human development. The headquarters of the Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat are also in Bogor.
| Less than 6 classes | 24.3 |
| Elementary school (grades 1–6) | 29.3 |
| Secondary school (grades 7–9) | 16 |
| High schools (grades 10–12) | 23.2 |
| Bachelor | 3.1 |
| Master and above | 4.1 |
The literacy rate in Bogor (98.7%) is relatively high for Indonesia. IPB University () is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in 1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration. The largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn Khaldun. In addition to regular schools, there are over 700 Muslim schools (madrasah) and several Christian schools and colleges.
Most scientific research in Bogor is carried out in agriculture, soil science, dendrology, veterinary and ichthyology. More specific areas include natural and Insect repellent, intercropping, industrial applications of and natural , increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving preservation processes, etc.
|
|
