Bhil or Bheel refer to the various indigenous groups inhabiting western India, including parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and are also found in distant places such as Bengal and Tripura.
Bhils are listed as tribal people in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan—all in the western Deccan regions and central India—as well as in Bengal and Tripura in far-eastern India, on the border with Bangladesh. Many Bhils speak the dominant language of the region they reside in, such as Marathi language, Gujarati or Bengali language.
Etymology
Some scholars suggest that the term Bhil is derived from the word
billa or
billu which means
bow in the Dravidian lexis. The term Bhil is used to refer to "various ethnic communities" living in the forests and hills of
Rajasthan's southern parts and surrounding regions of
western India, highlighting the "popularity of the bow and arrow as a weapon among these groups". It is also used as a blanket term to refer to the aboriginal peoples of these areas.
History
According to John Samuel, as per legendary and historical records, the Bhil tribals controlled large parts of
Gujarat from 11th to 15th century before the
conquered the territories from these locals.
Bhil Rebellion
The Bhils of what is now the state of Gujarat rebelled on several occasions during the
Colonial India, notably in 1846, 1857–58, and 1868.
Along with several other Indian social groups, the Bhils were designated as a Criminal Tribes by the British Raj under the Criminal Tribes Act 1871, which meant that a Bhil could be "randomly picked up, tortured, maimed or even killed" by the colonial authorities. Susan Abraham notes that many of the tribes characterised as criminal under the Act had earlier rebelled against the East India Company and participated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She claims that the British colonial government legislated the Act in 1871 in the wake of these autochthonic tribes' proclivity for rebellion.
Mutiny against Mewar State
According to
Ram Pande, in 1881, the Bhils protested against "the census classification, prohibition on alcohol manufacture, the establishment of police and customs, and the ban on the killing of witches". Their campaigning was stepped up and given meaning by Govind Guru who was a social and political leader. Pande suggests that because of his long-term Brahminical Hinduism missionary work among the tribe, Govind was able to stop them from consuming meat and alcohol and to pressurise the state for the formation of village councils that could administer their affairs and for barring forced labour. In 1917,
Mewar State's
joined the Bhils in the struggle to get the petty taxes and forced labour quashed, and to get the land revenues decreased. Taking note of these protests, the
of Mewar had called on a British political agent to suppress the mutiny. Pande noted that 1,500 Bhils got shot in 1913. In 1921, the tribals and peasants united under the leadership of
Motilal Tejawat in the struggle against "forced labour, petty taxes, the disparity in taxes, high taxes and the tyrannical ways of the
jagirdars". Tejawat's thoughts drew followers from the Bhils and
of the
Danta State,
Idar State,
Palanpur State and
Sirohi State regions of Gujarat; and he "became a notorious offender against the state".
Demographics
The Bhils are inhabitants of
Dhar,
Jhabua,
Khargone and
Ratlam districts of
Madhya Pradesh.
Bhilai (Bhil= Tribe, Aai= Came, meaning Bhils came), a city in
Durg district of
Chhattisgarh is named after this. A large number of Bhils live in the neighbouring states of
Maharashtra,
Gujarat, and
Rajasthan. In Bengal, the Bauris represent the Bhil tribe.
They constitute the largest
tribe of
India. According to Victoria R. Williams, the Bhils are India's "most widely dispersed tribal group". A small population of Bhils also resides in Pakistan's
Sindh province, who are known as the
Sindhi Bhils.
Present circumstances
The Bhil are classified as a Scheduled Tribe in
Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh,
Gujarat,
Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh,
, Rajasthan and
Tripura under the Indian government's reservation program of positive discrimination.
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]
Subdivisions
The Bhil are divided into several endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have several clans and lineages. In Rajasthan, they exist as Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Barda, Patelia, Kataria, Bagdi, Dhodia, Billava, Meena, Barela, Khotil, Dangchai,
Language
The language commonly spoken by Bhils throughout their geographic distribution is Bhili language.
Estimates of individuals speaking the language are often inaccurate as speakers of minor languages like Bhili have sometimes been treated as having major languages (such as Marathi or Gujarati) as their mother tongue.
The Bhils in Sindh speak Sindhi Bhili and Dhatki language.
Culture and traditions
Bhils have a rich and unique culture. The Bhilala sub-division is known for its Pithora painting.
Art
Bhil painting is characterised by the use of multi-coloured dots as in-filling. Bhuri Bai was the first Bhil artist to paint using readymade colours and paper. Other known Bhil artists include Lado bai, Sher Singh, Ram Singh and Dubu Bariya.
Food
The main foods of Bhils are maize, onion, garlic, and Chili pepper which they cultivate in their small fields. They collect fruits and vegetables from the local forests. Wheat and rice are used at time of festivals and other special occasions only. They keep self-made bows and arrows, swords, knives, axes, etc. with them as weapons for self-defense and hunting the wild fauna which also form a major part of their diet. They profusely use alcohol distilled by them from the flower of Mahua (Madhuca longifolia). On festive occasions, various special preparations from the dish are rich, i.e. maize, wheat, barley, malt, and rice. Bhils are traditionally non-vegetarian.
Dress
The traditional dresses of men are the Pagri, Angarkha, Dhoti and Gamchha. Traditionally women wear Sari and Ghagra Choli.
There are many traditional ornaments of Bhils. Men wear Kada, Bajuband, Chain, ear rings, Kardhani. Women wear variety of ornaments such as hansli (ring) Zele-zumke, earrings in Bhil language, narniyan (bangle), nathni (nose-jewel) etc. Tattooing is a traditional custom among them. Women folks do tattooing generally before marriage.
Faith and worship
Every village has its local deity (Gramadevata) and families too have their Jatidev, Kuladevata and Kuldevi (house hold deity) which is symbolised by stones. 'Bhati dev' and 'Bhilat dev' are their serpent-god. 'Baba dev' is their village god. Karkulia dev is their crop god, Gopal dev is their pastoral god, Bag dev is their Lion god, Bhairav dev is their dog god. Some of their other gods are Indel dev, Bada dev, Mahadevel, Tejaji, Lotha mai, Techma, Orka Chichma and Kajal dev.
They have extreme and staunch faith in superstitious beliefs and for their physical, mental, and psychological treatments.
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Bhensasaur - Bhil people worship buffalo as Bhensasaur
According to Victoria R. Williams, the Bhils "identify largely as Hindu". The Dang Bhils follow Christianity, and the Nirdhi Bhil and Tadvi Bhil Bhils follow Islam. A number of other Bhils follow Sonatan (Sanskrit: Sanatan) which is their "own religion". Williams states that Sonatan "blends Hindu beliefs and Animism".
Festivals
There are several festivals, viz. Raksha Bandhan, Navratri, Dashera, Diwali, Holi which are
celebrated by the Bhils. They also celebrate some traditional festivals viz. Akshaya Tritiya, Navmi, Howan Mata ki Chalavani, Sawan Mata ki jatar, Diwasa, Nawai, Bhagoria, Gal, Gar, Dhobi, Sanja, Indel, Doha etc. with ceremonious zeal and enthusiasm.
During some festivals, there are many tribal fairs held at different places in districts. Navratri mela, Bhagoria mela (during Holi festival) etc.
Types of Dance and Festivities
The chief means of their recreation is folk songs and dances. Women dance at birth celebrations, marriage functions and on a few festivals in traditional Bhili style accompanied by a drum beat. Their dances include the Lathi (staff) dance, Dhol dance, marriage dance, Holi dance, Battle dance, Bhagoria dance, Deepawal dance, Sajoni dance and hunting dance. Musical instruments include the Harmonium, Sarangi, Kundi, Bansuri, Apang, Khajria, Tabla, Cymbal, Madal and Thali. They are usually made from local products.
Local political structure
Traditional Bhil village is led by a Head-man ( Gameti). The gameti has authority and decision-making powers over most local disputes or issues.
Bhil Pradesh Demand
There has been a demand for the establishment of a separate state of Bhil Pradesh by combining the tribal-dominated parts of Gujarat and neighbouring states Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra.
Notable people
Artist
Freedom fighter
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Tantia Bhīl, freedom fighter
-
Bhima Nayak, Freedom fighter
Politician
Players
See also
Notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
target="_blank" rel="nofollow"> The desert dwellers of Rajasthan: Bishnoi and Bhil peoples (essay)
