Beowa,
Beaw,
Bēow ,
Beo or
Bedwig is a figure in Anglo-Saxon traditional religion associated with
barley and
agriculture. The figure is attested in the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies as they were extended in the age of Alfred, where Beowa is inserted as the son of
Scyld and the grandson of
Sceafa, in lineages carried back to
Adam.
[Kathleen Herbert, Looking for the Lost Gods of England, 1994:15, noted by John Grigsby, Beowulf & Grendel2005:64.] Connections have been proposed between the figure of Beowa and the hero Beowulf of the poem of the
Beowulf and English folk song figure
John Barleycorn.
Etymology
Beoƿ is an Old English word for barley. In the Anglo-Saxon genealogies, Beoƿa is the son or grandson of
Sceafa, the Old English word for . The noun
beoƿ has an
Old Norse parallel in
Bygg, the word for "grain." Related comparisons have been made between the figure of Beoƿ and
Byggvir, attested in the
Prose Edda as a servant of the god
Freyr.
[Alexander (2002:28).]
Theories
Some scholars posit a connection between the mythical figure of Beowa and the legendary Beowulf. As the two characters possess many of the same attributes, it has been suggested that "a god Beowa, whose existence in myth is certain, became confused or blended with Beowulf."
[Lawrence (1909:249).]
Another possibility is that the (first) scribe responsible for the Beowulf text conflated two names. At the beginning of the poem, there is a character called Beowulf, the son of Scyld Scefing, but this character is not the Beowulf who is the protagonist of the poem. Rather than accepting that there are two different characters with this unusual name, many modern editions of the poem replace this name with "Beow".["Ðā wæs on burgum Bēowulf Scyldinga", translated "Then it fell to Beow to keep the forts". (Heaney, Beowulf: a new verse translation, 2000:4/5).] J. R. R. Tolkien, one of the proponents of reading "Beow" here, suggested that the use of "Beowulf" as Scyld Schefing's son was a scribal error for the original "Beow", noting that the two scribes who produced the Beowulf manuscript were "both extremely ignorant of and careless with proper names", and called the occurrence of "Beowulf" in this place in the manuscript "one of the oddest facts in Old English literature" and "one of the reddest and highest red herrings that were ever dragged across a literary trail".
Kathleen Herbert draws a link between Beowa and the figure of John Barleycorn of traditional English folksong. Herbert says that Beowa and Barleycorn are one and the same, noting that the folksong details the suffering, death, and resurrection of Barleycorn, yet also celebrates the "reviving effects of drinking his blood."[Herbert (2007:16).]
See also
Notes
-
Bruce, Alexander (2002). Scyld and Scef: Expanding the Analogies. Routledge.
-
Herbert, Kathleen (1994, 2007). Looking for the Lost Gods of England. Anglo-Saxon Books.
-
Lawrence, William Witherle (1909). "Some Disputed Questions in Beowulf-Criticism" PMLA, Vol. 24, No. 2
