Basket weaving (also basketry or basket making) is the process of weaving or sewing pliable materials into three-dimensional artifacts, such as , mats, mesh bags or even furniture. Craftspeople and artists specialized in making baskets may be known as basket makers and basket weavers. Basket weaving is also a rural craft.
Basketry is made from a variety of fiber or pliable materials—anything that will bend and form a shape. Examples include pine, straw, willow (esp. Common osier), oak, wisteria, forsythia, , plant stem, fur, hide, , thread, and fine wooden splints. There are many applications for basketry, from simple mats to hot air balloon gondolas.
Many Indigenous peoples are renowned for their basket-weaving techniques.
History
While basket weaving is one of the widest spread crafts in the history of any human
civilization, it is hard to say just how old the craft is, because natural materials like wood, grass, and animal remains decay naturally and constantly. Techniques used in basket weaving have been indistinguishable from rope-making and evidenced throughout the world since the beginning of recorded hominin presence in
South Africa with the repeat discovery of perforated batons. Due to the degradation of natural materials over the millennia, any attempts at preservation for the majority of basket weaving methods have not allowed modern analysis of actual specimen, such as the use of water-proofing or hardening with additional materials like
clay or
bitumen. Instead, assumptions of ancient basket weaving methods rely on the study (and assumed usage) of ancient tools combined with observations of modern and protomodern basket weaving in civilizations that still rely on sustainable methods culturally passed down since those ancient times.
Middle East
The earliest reliable evidence for basket weaving technology in the Middle East comes from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic phases of Tell Sabi Abyad II
and Çatalhöyük.
Although no actual basketry remains were recovered, impressions on floor surfaces and on fragments of bitumen suggest that basketry objects were used for storage and architectural purposes. The extremely well-preserved Early Neolithic ritual cave site of
Nahal Hemar yielded thousands of intact perishable artefacts, including basketry containers, fabrics, and various types of cordage.
Additional Neolithic basketry impressions have been uncovered at
Tell es-Sultan (Jericho),
,
Beidha,
Shir,
Tell Sabi Abyad III,
,
Umm Dabaghiyah,
,
Tepe Sarab,
,
and
Ali Kosh.
]]
The oldest known baskets were discovered in Faiyum in upper Egypt
Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution, baskets were used in
factory and for packing and deliveries.
Wicker furniture became fashionable in
Victorian era society.
World Wars
During the World Wars some pannier baskets were used for dropping supplies of ammunition and food to the
infantry.
Types
Basketry may be classified into four types:
-
Coiled basketry, using , Juncaceae and Pinus
-
Plaiting basketry, using materials that are wide and braid-like: Palm tree, yucca or New Zealand flax
-
Twining basketry, using materials from and tree bark. This is a weaving technique where two or more flexible weaving elements ("weavers") cross each other as they weave through the stiffer radial spokes.
-
Wicker and Splint basketry, using materials like Phragmites, Arundo, willow, oak, and ash tree
Materials used in basketry
Weaving with
rattan core (also known as reed) is one of the more popular techniques being practiced, because it is easily available.
It is pliable, and when woven correctly, it is very sturdy. Also, while traditional materials like oak,
hickory, and willow might be hard to come by, reed is plentiful and can be cut into any size or shape that might be needed for a pattern. This includes flat reed, which is used for most square baskets;
oval reed, which is used for many round baskets; and round reed, which is used to twine; another advantage is that reed can also be dyed easily to look like oak or hickory.
Many types of plants can be used to create baskets: dog rose, honeysuckle, blackberry briars once the thorns have been scraped off and many other creepers. Willow was used for its flexibility and the ease with which it could be grown and harvested. Willow baskets were commonly referred to as wickerwork in England.
Water hyacinth is used as a base material in some areas where the plant has become a serious pest. For example, a group in Ibadan led by Achenyo Idachaba have been creating handicrafts in Nigeria.[ How I turned a deadly plant into a thriving business, Achenyo Idachaba, TED, May 2015, Retrieved 29 February 2016]
Other materials used in basketry include cedar bark, cedar root, spruce root, cattail leaves and tule. Some elements that may be used for decoration include maidenhair fern stems, horsetail root, red cherry bark and a variety of grasses. These materials vary widely in color and appearance.
Vine
Because vines have always been readily accessible and plentiful for weavers, they have been a common choice for basketry purposes. The
stolon are preferable to the vine stems because they tend to be straighter. Pliable materials like kudzu vine to more rigid, woody vines like bittersweet, grapevine, honeysuckle, wisteria and smokevine are good basket weaving materials. Although many vines are not uniform in shape and size, they can be manipulated and prepared in a way that makes them easily used in traditional and contemporary basketry. Most vines can be split and dried to store until use. Once vines are ready to be used, they can be soaked or boiled to increase pliability.
Wicker
The type of baskets that reed is used for are most often referred to as "
wicker" baskets, though another popular type of weaving known as "twining" is also a technique used in most wicker baskets.
Process
The parts of a basket are the base, the side walls, and the rim. A basket may also have a lid, handle, or embellishments.
Most baskets begin with a base. The base can either be woven with reed or wooden. A wooden base can come in many shapes to make a wide variety of shapes of baskets. The "static" pieces of the work are laid down first. In a round basket, they are referred to as "spokes"; in other shapes, they are called "stakes" or "staves". Then the "weavers" are used to fill in the sides of a basket.
A wide variety of patterns can be made by changing the size, colour, or placement of a certain style of weave. To achieve a multi-coloured effect, aboriginal artists first dye the twine and then weave the twines together in complex patterns.
Basketry around the world
Asia
South Asia
Basketry exists throughout the Indian subcontinent. Since palms are found in the south, basket weaving with this material has a long tradition in
Tamil Nadu and surrounding states.
East Asia
Chinese bamboo weaving, Taiwanese bamboo weaving, Japanese bamboo weaving and Korean bamboo weaving go back centuries. Bamboo is the prime material for making all sorts of baskets, since it is the main material that is available and suitable for basketry. Other materials that may be used are ratan and hemp palm.
In Japan, bamboo weaving is registered as a traditional kōgei with a range of fine and decorative arts.
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia has thousands of sophisticated forms of indigenous basketry produce, many of which use ethnic-endemic techniques. Materials used vary considerably, depending on the ethnic group and the basket art intended to be made. Bamboo, grass, banana, reeds, and trees are common mediums.
[Philippine basketry: an appreciation, RF Lane - 1986][Basketry Weaves and Bau-Malay Earthenware Pottery in Southeast Asia. WG Solheim II - Hukay, 2005][Weaving traditions from Island Southeast Asia: Historical Context and Etnobotanical knowledge. D Novellino, 2006]
Oceania
Polynesia
Basketry is a traditional practice across the Pacific islands of
Polynesia. It uses natural materials like
pandanus,
Coir,
hibiscus fibre, and New Zealand flax according to local custom. Baskets are used for food and general storage, carrying personal goods, and fishing.
Australia
Basketry has been traditionally practised by the women of many Aboriginal Australian peoples across the continent for centuries.
The Ngarrindjeri women of southern South Australia have a tradition of coiled basketry, using the sedge grasses growing near the lakes and mouth of the Murray River.
The fibre basketry of the Gunditjmara people is noted as a cultural tradition, in the World Heritage Listing of the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in western Victoria, Australia, used for carrying the that were farmed by the people in an extensive aquaculture system.
North America
Native American basketry
Native Americans traditionally make their baskets from the materials available locally.
Arctic and Subarctic
Arctic and
Subarctic tribes use sea grasses for basketry. At the dawn of the 20th century,
Inupiaq men began weaving
Baleen basketry from
baleen, a substance derived from
whale jaws, and incorporating
walrus ivory and
whale bone in basketry.
Northeastern
In Mi'kma'ki (composed of now
Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick and eastern
Quebec,
Canada), the Mi’kmaq used plants and animals for their fibre and dye sources in their basketry. Two archaeological sites revealed traditional materials of moose-tendon fibres, cattail plant (
Typha latifolia), true rush (Scirpus lacustris), sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata), American beach grass (Amophilia brevingulata), birch tree (Betula papyrifera), white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), basswood (Tilia Americana), black ash (
Fraxinus nigra), white ash (Fraxinus americana), poplar (Populus tremuloides), and red maple (
Acer rubrum). Black ash, or wosqoq, basketry is a vital part of Mi'kmaw culture and art. Baskets were functional, used in agriculture, and also decorative. Mi'kmaw basket makers were renowned for their intricate patterns woven in bright colours.
In New England, traditional baskets are woven from Swamp Ash. The wood is peeled off a felled logging in strips, following the of the tree. In Maine and the Great Lakes regions, traditional baskets are woven from Fraxinus nigra splints. Pack basket from the Adirondack Park region have traditionally been woven from black ash or willow. Baskets are also woven from sweet grass, as is traditionally done by Canada indigenous peoples. Birchbark is used throughout the Subarctic, by a wide range of peoples from the Dene to Ojibwa to Mi'kmaq. Birchbark baskets are often embellished with dyed porcupine quills. Some of the more notable styles are Nantucket Baskets and Williamsburg Baskets. Nantucket Baskets are large and bulky, while Williamsburg Baskets can be any size, so long as the two sides of the basket bow out slightly and get larger as it is woven up.
Southeastern
Southeastern peoples, such as the
Atakapa,
Cherokee,
Choctaw, and
Chitimacha, traditionally use split
Arundinaria for basketry. A particularly difficult technique for which these peoples are known is double-weave or double-wall basketry, in which each basketry is formed by an interior and exterior wall seamlessly woven together. Doubleweave, although rare, is still practiced today, for instance by
Mike Dart (
Cherokee Nation).
[ Cherokee basketry artist to be featured at Coffeyville gathering. News from Indian Country. 2008 (retrieved 23 May 2009)]
Northwestern
Northwestern peoples use spruce root, cedar bark, and swampgrass. Ceremonial basketry hats are particularly valued by Northwest peoples and are worn today at
. Traditionally, women wove basketry hats, and men painted designs on them. Delores Churchill is a
Haida people from
Alaska who began weaving in a time when Haida basketry was in decline, but she and others have ensured it will continue by teaching the next generation.
Californian and Great Basin
Indigenous peoples of California and Great Basin are known for their basketry skills. Coiled baskets are particularly common, woven from
sumac,
yucca,
willow, and
Juncus textilis. The works by Californian basket makers include many pieces in museums.
Southwestern
Mexico
In northwestern
Mexico, the
Seri people continue to "sew" baskets using splints of the limberbush plant,
Jatropha.
Other North American basketry
-
Matt Tommey is a North American artist who weaves sculptural baskets out of kudzu.
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Mary Jackson is a world-famous African-American sweetgrass basket weaver. In 2008, she was named a MacArthur Fellow for her basket weaving.
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Elizabeth F. Kinlaw is a North American basketweaver known for her sweetgrass baskets and whose work has been displayed in the Smithsonian Institution.
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Lydia Kear Whaley (1840 –1926) Appalachian basket weaver
Europe
In Greece, basket weaving is practiced by the
anchorite monks of
Mount Athos.
Africa
Senegal
Wolof baskets are a coil basket created by the Wolof tribe of
Senegal.
These baskets is considered a women's craft, which have been passed across generations.
The Wolof baskets were traditionally made by using thin cuts of palm frond and a thick grass called njodax; however contemporary Wolof baskets often incorporate plastic as a replacement for the palm fronds and/or re-use of discarded prayer mat materials.
These baskets are strong and used for laundry hampers, planters, bowls, rugs, and more.
South Africa
Zulu baskets are a traditional craft in the
KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa and were used for utilitarian purposes including holding water, beer, or food; the baskets can take many months to weave.
Starting in the late 1960s, Zulu basketry was a dying art form due to the introduction of tin and plastic water containers.
Kjell Lofroth, a Swedish minister living in South Africa, noticed a decline in the local crafts, and after a drought in the KwaZulu-Natal province and he formed the Vukani Arts Association (English: wake up and get going) to financially support single women and their families.
In this time period of the late 1960s, only three elderly women knew the craft of Zulu basket weaving but because of the Vukani Arts Association they taught others and revived the art.
is the most renowned living Zulu basket weaver.
Zulu telephone wire baskets are a contemporary craft.
See also
Further reading
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Blanchard, M. M. (1928) The Basketry Book. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
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Bobart, H. H. (1936) Basket Work through the Ages. London: Oxford University Press
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Okey, Thomas (1930) A Basketful of Memories: an autobiographical sketch. London: J. M. Dent
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Okey, Thomas (1912) An Introduction to the Art of Basket-making. (Pitman's Handwork Series.) London: Pitman
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Wright, Dorothy (1959) Baskets and Basketry. London: B. T. Batsford
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Taylor, Eric Jon (2022) "A Basket Life: The Story of my Path to Becoming a Craftsman of Basketry". Luffa Press
External links
