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Atropates ( and Middle Persian ; ; – after 321 BC) was a Persian people; ; nobleman who served Darius III, then Alexander the Great, and eventually founded an independent kingdom and dynasty that was named after him. Diodorus (18.4) refers to him as (Ἀτράπης), while Quintus Curtius (8.3.17) erroneously names him 'Arsaces'.
Following his defeat in that battle, Darius III fled to the Median capital of Ecbatana, where Atropates gave him hospitality. Darius attempted to raise a new army but was forced to flee Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander initially chose Oxydates as satrap of Media, but in 328-327 BCE after a period of two years Alexander lost trust in Oxydates' loyalty, and Atropates was reinstated to his old position. In 325–324, Atropates delivered Baryaxes (a sought-after rebel of the region) to Alexander while the latter was at Pasargadae. Alexander's esteem for the governor rose so high that soon afterwards Atropates' daughter was married to Alexander's confidant and cavalry commander Perdiccas at the famous Susa weddings at Susa in February 324 BCE.
Later that year, Alexander visited Atropates in Ecbatana with his good friend and second-in-command Hephaestion, who fell ill and died in October 324 BCE. At this time, "it was related by some authors, that Atropates on one occasion presented Alexander with a hundred women, said to be Amazons; but Arrian (Anabasis vii. 13) disbelieved the story."
Alexander himself died eight months later on June 10, 323 BCE, and Atropates' new son-in-law Perdiccas was named regent of Alexander's half-brother Philip III. Following the "Partition of Babylon" in 323 BCE, Media was divided into two parts: the greater portion in the south-east was to be governed by Peithon, a general of Perdiccas, while a smaller portion in the north west (principally around the Araxes River basin) was given to Atropates. At some point thereafter, Atropates refused to convey allegiance to the diadochi and made his part of Media an independent kingdom, while his son-in-law Perdiccas was eventually murdered by Peithon in the summer of 320 BCE.
The region that encompassed Atropates' kingdom come to be known to the Greeks as "Atropatene" after Atropates, and eventually simply "Atropatene". The Arsacids called it 'Aturpatakan' in Parthian, as did also the Sassanid Empire who eventually succeeded them. Eventually, Middle Iranian became and in New Persian, whence the names of the modern nation of Azerbaijan and the Iranian region of Azerbaijan (which is largely contiguous with the borders of ancient Atropatene). Medieval Arab geographers came up with other explanations of the name, such as 'fire temple' or 'guardian of the fire', from the Persian words 'fire', and 'guardian/protector'.
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