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Atauro (, , ), also known as Kambing Island (), is an island and municipality (, or Ata'uro) of Timor-Leste. Atauro is a small oceanic island situated north of Dili, on the extinct Wetar segment of the volcano Inner Banda Arc, between the islands of Alor Island and Wetar. The nearest island is the Indonesian island of Liran, to the northeast. At the 2015 census, it had 9,274 inhabitants.
Atauro was one of the administrative posts (formerly subdistricts) of Dili Municipality until it became a separate municipality with effect from 1 January 2022.
The island was so named because of the large number of goats kept there.
The island is administratively divided into five sucos, each surrounding a village: Biqueli and Beloi in the north, Macadade (formerly Anartutu) in the southwest, and Maquili and Vila Maumeta in the southeast. Vila Maumeta is the largest village. Other major communities include Pala, Uaroana, Arlo, Adara, and Berau. One bitumen road connects Vila Maumeta to Pala, and there are walking paths to the other villages on the island. During Indonesian rule, there was an airstrip north of Vila Maumeta, but now it is unusable by fixed-wing aircraft (IATA designation: AUT (WPAT)).
At 999 m above sea level, Mount Manucoco is the island's highest point. The ocean strait between Atauro and Timor drops 3500 m below sea level; conversely, it is much shallower along the ridge leading to Wetar. Geologists from Melbourne University are working together with the East Timor Energy Minerals and Resources Directorate (EMRD) and the Polytechnical Institute of Dili to make the first geological map of the island, in part to improve the infrastructure of the island.
The Berlin Nakroma, a gift from Germany, is a ferry that connects the island to the capital Dili; the trip takes about two hours. Dili can also be reached by fishermen's boats. Atauro is also being considered as a destination for eco-tourism, and its coral reefs are being discovered by Scuba diving enthusiasts.
Atauro is a small, unstable island with a rugged landscape, plagued by frequent , as well as a shortage of fresh water, especially during the drier months. Freshwater springs are present approximately 2 km north of Berau, with minor reservoirs around Macadade and the eastern slopes of Mount Manucoco. water well along the coast provide poor-quality water to most coastal townships. In 2004, Portugal funded a project to improve the availability of water and its distribution infrastructure, but a critical water shortage persists.
Conservation International Timor-Leste surveyed Atauro in 2012 and carried out a dedicated Atauro-focused survey in 2016 at the request of the Timor-Leste government. The 2016 survey was discussed in connection with proposals to designate Atauro and its waters as a marine protected area and reported unusually high reef-fish species richness per site.
The people of Atauro speak four dialects of Wetarese (Rahesuk, Resuk, Raklungu, and Dadu'a), which originated on the island of Wetar in Indonesia.
Atauro dealt with incursions from pirates and raiders based in Alor Island, Kisar, and Wetar, in addition to slavers from Buton and Makassar. The island's population would form a united bloc to defend itself from these invaders. The various clans of the island would form alliances and fight with each other over Atauro's resources, resulting in the formation of the political domains.
The Netherlands and Portugal agreed Atauro to be Portuguese in the treaty of Lisbon 1859, however the Portuguese flag was not raised on the island until 1884 when an official ceremony was held. The inhabitants of Atauro did not start to pay taxes to Portugal before 1905. Atauro was used as a prison island soon after settlement by the Portuguese.
The Portuguese entrusted the Hera and Manatuto domains with collection of taxes on Atauro. Macadede refused to pay taxes to the government in Dili, and subsequently conflict broke out. Makili and Mandroni, recruited by the colonial government, defeated Macadede's forces. Portuguese implementation of an agricultural tax and forced labor in the early 20th century resulted in many fleeing the island for extended periods.
In Portuguese Timor, Atauro was organized as part of the Dili municipality, coinciding with modern Dili District. When Timor-Leste became independent, there was a proposal to reorganize the districts and split off Atauro as an autonomous area. It became a separate municipality with effect from 1 January 2022.
On 11 August 1975, the UDT mounted a coup in a bid to halt the increasing popularity of Fretilin. On 26 August, the Portuguese Governor Mário Lemos Pires fled to Atauro, from where he later attempted to broker an agreement between the two groups. He was urged by Fretilin to return and resume the decolonisation process, but he insisted that he was awaiting instructions from the government in Lisbon, then increasingly uninterested. On 10 December 1975, the Indonesians invaded. In the 1980s, the Indonesians used the island as a prison for East Timorese guerillas. The island became part of independent Timor-Leste on 20 May 2002.
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/a> – official site (in Tetum with some content in English)
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