Amphiesmenoptera

 ( Insect Superorders ) 

Amphiesmenoptera is an insect superorder, established by S. G. Kiriakoff, but often credited to Willi Hennig in his revision of insect taxonomy for two sister orders: Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and Caddisfly (caddisflies). In 2017, a third fossil order was added to the group, the Tarachoptera.

Trichoptera and Lepidoptera share a number of derived characters (Synapomorphy) which demonstrate their common descent:

• Females, rather than males, are heterogametic (i.e. their sex chromosomes differ).
• Dense seta are present in the insect wing (modified into scales in Lepidoptera).
• There is a particular venation pattern on the forewings (the double-looped anal veins).
• Larvae have mouth structures and glands to make and manipulate silk.
  (2025). 9780521821490, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521821490

Thus, these two extant orders are sisters, with Tarachoptera basal to both groups. Amphiesmenoptera probably evolved in the Jurassic. Lepidoptera differ from the Trichoptera in several features, including wing venation, form of the scales on the wings, loss of the cercus, loss of an ocellus, and changes to the legs.

Amphiesmenoptera are thought to be the sister group of Antliophora, a proposed superorder comprising Fly (flies), Flea (fleas) and Mecoptera (scorpionflies). Together, Amphiesmenoptera and Antliophora compose the group Panorpida.