Product Code Database
Aljamiado (; ; trans. Ajam ) or Aljamía texts are manuscripts that use the Arabic script for transcribing European languages, especially such as Old Spanish or Aragonese. This alphabet is also called the Morisco alphabet.
According to Anwar G. Chejne, Aljamiado or Aljamía is "a corruption of the Arabic word Ajam (in this case it means foreign language) and, generally, the Arabic expression ʿajam and its derivative ʿajamiyah are applicable to peoples whose ancestry is not of Arabian origin".Chejne, A.G. (1993): Historia de España musulmana. Editorial Cátedra. Madrid, Spain. Published originally as: Chejne, A.G. (1974): Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, USA During the Arab conquest of Persia, the term became a pejorative.
In later times, were banned from using Arabic as a religious language, and wrote in Spanish language on Islamic subjects. Examples are the Coplas del alhichante de Puey Monzón, narrating a Hajj,Gerard Albert Wiegers, Islamic Literature in Spanish and Aljamiado 1994, p. 226. or the Poema de Yuçuf on the Biblical Joseph (written in Aragonese).MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, Ramón, Poema de Yuçuf: Materiales para su estudio, Granada, Universidad de Granada, (1952) p. 62-63
Aljamiado played a very important role in preserving Islam and the Arabic language in the life of the Moriscos of Castile and Aragon; Valencian and Granadan Moriscos spoke and wrote in Andalusi Arabic. After the fall of the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula, the Moriscos (Muslims in parts of what was once Al-Andalus) were forced to convert to Christianity or leave the peninsula. They were forced to adopt Christian customs and traditions and to attend church services on Sundays. Nevertheless, some of the Moriscos Crypto-Islam, and this included the usage of Aljamiado.
In 1567, Philip II of Spain issued a royal decree in Spain, which forced Moriscos to abandon using Arabic on all occasions, formal and informal, speaking and writing. Using Arabic in any sense of the word would be regarded as a crime. They were given three years to learn the language of the Christian Spanish, after which they would have to get rid of all Arabic written material. Moriscos of Castile and Aragon translated all prayers and the Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) into Aljamiado transcriptions of the Spanish language, while keeping all Qur'anic verses in the original Arabic. Aljamiado scrolls were circulated amongst the Moriscos. Historians came to know about Aljamiado literature only in the early nineteenth century. Some of the Aljamiado scrolls are kept in the Spanish National Library in Madrid.
| ا 1 | - | - | |
| ب | B b | b | |
| بّ 2 | P p | p | |
| ت | T t | t | |
| ث 3 | T t | θ | |
| ج | J j Ge ge 4 Gi gi | ʒ5 | |
| جّ 2 | Ch ch | t͡ʃ | |
| ح 3 | H h | h~ħ | |
| خ 3 | J j H h | x | |
| د 6 | D d | d | |
| ذ 6 | D d | ð | |
| ر | R r | ɾ | |
| رّ 2 | Rr rr R r | r | |
| ز | Z z | dz | |
| س | Ç ç 4 Ce ce Ci ci S s Ss ss X x7 | ts (s/z) | |
| ش | X x7 | ʃ | |
| كس | X x7 | ks~gz | |
| ص 3 | S s | s | |
| ض 3 | Ld ld | () | d |
| ط 3 | T t | t | |
| ظ 3 | D d | ð | |
| ع 3 | ' | ʕ | |
| غ | G g Gu gu 4 (except Ge ge Gi gi) | g | |
| ڢ 8 (ف) | F f | ɸ~f | |
| ڧ 3, 8 (ق) | K k Qu qu | q~k | |
| ك | K k Qu qu C c 4 (except Ç ç Ce ce Ci ci) | k | |
| ل | L l | l | |
| لّ 2 | Ll ll | ʎ | |
| م | M m | m | |
| ن | N n | n | |
| نّ 2 | Ñ ñ | ɲ | |
| و 9 | W w V v | w (v~β) | |
| هـ ه | H h | - | |
| ي 10 | Y y | j |
Notes:
/a>
In the Arabic language and alphabet, however, there are only 3 vowels, a, i, u. In Arabic, these 3 vowels have both a short form, which is represented by diacritics fatʾha, kasra, and ḍamma, and long forms, which are represented by the letters alif (ا), yaʾ (ي), and waw (و).
In Spanish, however, there is no difference between short and long vowels. In Aljamiado alphabet, 4 vowels are written as follows:Galmés de Fuentes, A. (2004). Estudios sobre la literatura española Aljamiado-morisca. Fundación Ramón Menéndez Pidal.
The vowel a is represented by the diacritic "◌َ". The vowel i is represented by the diacritic "◌ِ". The two vowels o and u are merged and are represented by the diacritic "◌ُ". The vowel e is represented by the combination of fatʾha and alif "ـَـا".
The Hebrew alphabet, like Arabic, has both diacritics, known as niqqud, and the use of three letters alef (א), vav (ו), and yod (י). In the Judaeo-Spanish alphabet, niqqud is not used, and only three aforementioned letters are used. Also, in addition to the merger of o and u, two vowels i and e are also merged, and thus only three vowels are shown; as follows:Bunis, D. M. (2017). Chapter 12, Judezmo (Ladino). In L. Kahn & A. D. Rubin (Eds.), Handbook of Jewish languages (pp. 366–451). essay, Brill.
The vowel a is represented by alif "א". The two vowels e and i are merged and represented by yod "י". The two vowels o and u are merged and are represented by vav "ו".
In Aljamiado, similar to Arabic and Persian, when the vowel is at the beginning of the word, alif (ا) is used as the vowel carrier, except for the e sound. For the e sound, a hamza is used as a vowel carrier, followed by alif (ا). In Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) as in Arabic, alif "א" plays the same role.
No distinction between unstressed or stressed vowels exist in Aljamiado manuscripts.
| +Vowel at the beginning of the word |
In the middle of the word, in Aljamiado, only diacritics (and for the case of e only a diacritic and an alif (ا) and in Judaeo-Spanish only one of the three previously mentioned letters are used.
| +Vowel in the middle or at the end of a word |
Notes:
The pronunciation of vowels and their writing are subject to certain rules in the Spanish Latin Alphabet, as well as in Aljamiado. In Spanish, vowels are divided into two general groups: "strong" and "weak":
As previously mentioned, in Aljamiado, there is no difference in writing between o and u. In Judaeo-Spanish, there's no difference between o and u, nor between e and i.
"Vowel hiatus" occurs when two strong vowels are sequential. In such a case, each vowel is read as part of a separate syllable. "Diphthong" occurs when one vowel is weak and the other is strong. In this case, Stress in pronunciation is on the strong vowel. Of course, there are exceptions to these rules. Lawless Spanish, "Mistakes and Difficulties", Diphthongs + Hiatus
Below table outlines the general guidelines and some examples
The first thing that should be mentioned is that in Aljamiado, like Persian and other Arabic-derived alphabets, changes were made to the letters in the Arabic alphabet in order to show new consonants. In other Arabic-derived alphabets, these changes were made by adding dots to the letters that most closely match an existing sound in Arabic alphabet. But in Aljamiado, this was done by Shaddah on the letters with the closest existing sound. Gemination, in addition to this role, in Aljamiado also plays the role of geminating, like Arabic, something that is done in the Spanish Latin alphabet by writing letters twice. For example, "ب" produces a b, but "بّ" produces a p.
The Ladino alphabet also does the same thing with niqqud such as "Rafe" (רָפֶה) "◌ﬞ" or "Geresh" (גֶּרֶשׁ) "◌׳", for example "ב" produces the sound b, and "בﬞ" or "ב׳" produce the sound v.
Notes
Some letters simply adopted another value.
| ج | j ʒ~x |
| غ | g |
| س | ç |
| ش | x |
The phoneme /β/ was typically represented by the letter ب (b), though in some instances it was represented by the letter ف (f). The plosive consonants were required to be aspirated; however, this aspect was lost in weaker positions such as the initial position of a word or an intervocalic position. In Aljamiado texts, the letter ط was utilized to represent the phoneme /t/ in initial and intervocalic positions where it was unaspirated, while the letter ت was utilized in postconsonantal positions to indicate the aspirated form of the phoneme. Similarly, the letter ﻕ was used to represent the phoneme /k/ in initial and intervocalic positions where it was unaspirated, and the letter ﻙ was used in postconsonantal positions to indicate the aspirated form. However, according to the glossary of Abuljair, the aspiration of plosive consonants never ceased to occur in any position.
In Aljamiado, no distinction is made between any one of these. The letter "baʾ" (ب) is used for all cases.
In Judeo-Spanish, distinction is made between these two allophones. Cases of b are written with the letter "beth" "ב". Whereas the sounds v~β are written with the letter "beth" with Rafe or Geresh "בﬞ (ב׳)".US Government Guide on Romanization of Ladino
/a> US Government Guide on Romanization of Ladino
/a>
As Arabic alphabet lacks a letter for the equivalent to the letter "P", the sound p, in Aljamiado, a digraph has been created. This digraph consists of the letter "baʾ" and a shadda, "بّ".
This is not an issue in Judeo-Spanish, as the letter "Pe" has two possible pronunciations of p and f. Thus for the sound p, the letter "pe" (פ) is used. For the sound f, the letter "pe" plus Rafe or Geresh (פﬞ (פ׳) / ף) is used.
In Spanish, the letter "J" has pronunciation identical with "soft G". In old Spanish, these two were pronounced as ʒ~d͡ʒ. Thus, the Aljamiado letter for both these sounds is reflective of this historic sound. The letter "jim" (ج) is used, as opposed to "khaʾ" (خ).
Similarly in Judeo-Spanish, the letter "gimel" plus Rafe or Geresh (גﬞ (ג׳)) has historically been used. In Modern Judeo-Spanish (Ladino), unlike varieties of Spanish, this historic pronunciation has been preserved. However, due to contact and influence from other languages, namely Serbo-Croatian, Ottoman Turkish, and French language, a distinction between ʒ and d͡ʒ in orthography has come to dominance. Namely that the former (ʒ) are shown with "zayn" Rafe or Geresh (זﬞ (ז׳)).
While this is not reflected in Latin alphabet, in Aljamiado manuscripts, as well as in Judeo-Spanish (not universally) is shown.
In instances where the pronunciation is d, the letter "dal" (د) has been used in Aljamiado, and the letter "dalet" (ד) Judeo-Spanish.
In instances where the pronunciation is ð, the letter "ḏal" (ذ) has been used in Aljamiado, and the letter "dalet" plus Rafe or Geresh (דﬞ (ד׳)) Judeo-Spanish.
This distinction is not shown in Judeo-Spanish. Both cases are shown with a single "resh" (ר). In some regional varieties of Ladino, the distinction in pronunciation had ceased to exist as well.
In old Spanish, the letter "z" was pronounced as d͡z. It is thus written in Aljamiado with the letter "zaʾ" (ز). In Judeo-Spanish, the letter "zayin" (ז) is used. However, in modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the letter "z" has evolved in two manners. In most dialects of European Spanish, the letter "z" today is pronounced identically as the soft pronunciation of the letter "c", as θ. In Latin American dialects, the letter "z" is pronounced identically as the letter "s" and the soft pronunciation of the letter "c", as s.
The letter "c" has two pronunciations in Spanish, based on rules and factors, hard and soft C. "c" is pronounced "soft" if it is followed by "e", "i", or "y", or if it is given a cedilla accent (ç). In other cases, "c" is pronounced as "hard", as a k.
In old Spanish, the soft pronunciation of "c" was as t͡s. In Aljamiado, this letter was uniquely assigned the letter "sin" (س). In Judeo-Spanish, the letter "samech" (ס) was used.
However, in modern Spanish, the soft pronunciation of the letter "c" has evolved in two manners. In most dialects of European Spanish, the letter "c" today is pronounced identically as the letter "z", as θ. In Latin American dialects, the soft pronunciation of the letter "c" is pronounced identically as the letter "s" and "z", as s.
In old Spanish, the letter "s" was pronounced as s or z, distinct from the soft pronunciation of the letter "c". The digraph "ss" represented s as well, but has since been replaced with a single "s" in Spanish orthography. To reflect the difference between "s" and soft pronunciation of "c", in Aljamiado, the letter "shin" (ش) was given a new association and sound, and was used to write "s". Similarly, in Judeo-Spanish, letter "shin" (ש) was used.
In modern Judeo-Spanish, in the centuries after expulsion of Jews from Spain, as the pronunciations of "c" and "s" merged independently of Spanish, confusion ensued for a few decades, with both "samech" (ס) and "shin" (ש) being used interchangeably. Today, the letter "samech" (ס) has won out and is used exclusively.
In old Spanish, the letter "x" had a pronunciation as ʃ. In Aljamiado, the letter "shin" (ش) was used. In Judeo-Spanish, the letter "shin" has been used, historically with niqqud Rafe or Geresh (שﬞ (ש׳)). But in modern times, without any (ש).
In modern Spanish, the pronunciation of "x" has evolved. In most cases, it is now pronounced as the letter "j" would, x. This is reflected in orthography as well. In Judeo-Spanish, the original pronunciation has been retained.
In some instances, especially in beginning of words as "ex-", the letter "x" has preserved an s sound, or a ks sound. In Judeo-Spanish this is reflected mostly by "gimel+zayin" (גז) and in some other words as "koph+samech" (קס).
The word aljamiado is sometimes used for other non-Semitic language written in Arabic letters:
|
|
