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Aleksinac (Алексинац) is a town and municipality located in the Nišava District of southern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the municipality has a population of 43,258 inhabitants.
After the fall to the Roman Empire this territory was included in the province of Upper Moesia and after 293 AD it was in the Mediterranean province of Dacia. A Roman military road (Via Militaris) was built in 1st century AD across the territory. There were also two stations for rest (mansio) and a change of horses (mutatio) along the road on the territory of Aleksinac: Praesidium Pompei and Rappiana.
Their location is still unknown, although there are a few candidates for this position. Also few fortresses (Castell) are known to exist in this period, but their names are not known, except for the Castell Milareca on Gradiste hill (228 m).
During the reigns of emperors Phocas (602-610) and Heraclius (610-641) Slavic peoples inhabited the Balkan peninsula. In 614 they razed Niš. The Via Militaris was renamed Medieval Military Road and it was used by the crusaders of the first four Crusades to reach Constantinople thus passing through the territory of Aleksinac municipality.
During the reign of the Nemanjić dynasty this territory was under direct control of the state. After the death of Uroš V this territory was included in the territory of Moravian Serbia under the Prince Lazar and his successors. Two medieval towns, Bolvan Fortress and Lipovac, date from this period.
In the middle of the 17th century, Aleksinac was a town with more than 100 shops in it, and because of its strategic location on the road to Istanbul it became an important travel and caravan station. Its importance can be supported by the fact that the Turks built a fortress to protect it from Hajduk in 1616.
The development of Aleksinac was stopped during the so-called Great Turkish War (1683–1699). Aleksinac was conquered by the Austrian army (general Ludwig of Baden liberated it), and later burned to the ground by the soldiers of Jegen-Osman Pasha. Serbian inhabitants of Aleksinac joined Great Serb Migrations to the Habsburg monarchy and some of them settled down in Budim. Aleksinac was destroyed again by fire during the second Austro-Turkish war (1716–1718) when Grand Vizier Halil Pasha was defeated beneath the walls of Belgrade. In retreat he burned down all settlements all the way to Niš.
After the third Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739) Aleksinac developed into significant trade and handcraft center. Many caravans passed through it exchanging wares from the entire Ottoman Empire and central Europe. At the same time it became the center of Aleksinac county which in 1784 consisted of 17 villages. There were 160 houses in Aleksinac at that time, 120 of them Christians and 40 Turkish people.
After the fourth Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791) Aleksinac was burned down again by the Turkish outlaws led by Osman Pazvantoğlu.
The settlements on the left bank were liberated by Mladen Milovanović and Stanoje Glavaš. As soon as the town was liberated, Captain Vuča Žikić built the famous Deligrad trenches on the north side of Aleksinac which earned fame in battles with the Turks, especially in 1806.
After the fall of the First Serbian Uprising, Aleksinac remained under Turkish rule up to December 1832 when it became an integral part of Prince Miloš's Serbia. During his first reign Aleksinac became the economic centre of south-east Serbia with numerous trade and handicrafts shops and it developed into important government centre.
It became a centre of the county and the county's court. The third post office in Serbia (after Belgrade and Kragujevac) was opened in Aleksinac for both Serbian and Austrian postal services as well as the place where an England courier sent and received the post from Turkey. At that time a Customs officer and Quarantine were built in Aleksinac.
Aleksinac was also the site of major battles with Ottoman Empire in the First Serbo-Turkish war in 1876, with only true victory won on Šumatovac, 3 kilometers from Aleksinac. From 1929 to 1941, Aleksinac was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Aleksinac was seriously damaged during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999.
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