Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (; (631A.H-676A.H) (October 1230–21 December 1277) was a Sunni Shafi'ite jurist and Hadith studies.[Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, pp.238-239. Scarecrow Press. .] Al-Nawawi died at the relatively early age of 45.[Fachrizal A. Halim (2014), Legal Authority in Premodern Islam: Yahya B Sharaf Al-Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law, p. 1. Routledge. .] Al-Nawawi, along with Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i, are leading jurists of the earlier classical age, known by the Shafi'i school as the Two Shaykhs ( al-Shaykhayn).
Early life
He was born at Nawa near
Damascus,
Syria.
As with
Arabic and other Semitic languages, the last part of his name refers to his hometown.
Yasin bin Yusuf Marakashi, says: "I saw Imam Nawawi at Nawa when he was a youth of ten years of age. Other boys of his age used to force him to play with them, but Imam Nawawi would always avoid the play and would remain busy with the recitation of the Quran. When they tried to domineer and insisted on his joining their games, he bewailed and expressed his no concern over their foolish action. On observing his sagacity and profundity, a special love and affection developed in my heart for young Nawawi. I approached his teacher and urged him to take exceptional care of this lad as he was to become a great religious scholar. His teacher asked whether I was a soothsayer or an astrologer. I told him I am neither soothsayer nor an astrologer but Allah caused me to utter these words." His teacher conveyed this incident to Imam's father and in keeping in view the learning quest of his son, decided to dedicate the life of his son for the service and promotion of the cause of Islam.
Life as a scholar
He studied in Damascus from the age of 18 and after making the pilgrimage in 1253, he settled there as a private scholar.
Notable teachers
During his stay at Damascus, he studied from more than twenty teachers
who were regarded as masters and authority of their subject field and disciplines they taught. An-Nawawi studied Hadith, Islamic Jurisprudence, its principles, syntax and Etymology. His teachers included Abu Ibrahim Ishaq bin Ahmad AI-Maghribi, Abu Muhammad Abdur-Rahman bin Ibrahim Al-Fazari, Radiyuddin Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Abu Hafs Umar bin Mudar Al-Mudari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Isa Al-Muradi, Abul-Baqa Khalid bin Yusuf An-Nablusi, Abul-Abbas Ahmad bin Salim Al-Misri, Abu Abdullah Al-Jiyani, Abul-Fath Umar bin Bandar, Abu Muhammad At-Tanukhi, Sharafuddin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad Al-Ansari, Abul-Faraj Abdur-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Ahmad Al-Maqdisi, and Abul-Fada'il Sallar bin Al-Hasan Al Arbali among others.
Creed
He did ta'wil on some of the Qur'an verses and ahadith on the attributes of
Allah. He states in his commentary of a hadith that:
Relationship with Baybars
Al-Nawawi drew the ire of
Mamluk Sultan Baibars twice. Once, at a time when the people of
Damascus sought relief from a heavy tax burden after a years-long drought,
Al-Nawawi wrote that if Baybars did not stop taxing its residents abusively then Allah will tax his misdeed in the
Akhirah.
This prompted Baybars to threaten to expel him from Damascus.
To this, he responded:
"As for myself, threats do not harm me or mean anything to me. They will not keep me from advising the ruler, for I believe that this is obligatory upon me and others."
Sheikh Navaid Aziz stated a popular tale of when Al-Nawawi addressed Sultan Baybars when the latter wanted the ulama to issue a fatwa that decreed that the waqf be collected solely for the ruler, despite originally being meant for the people. Al-Nawawi in response scolded him, urging him to fear Allah and rein in his greed, which the Sultan accepted. Some people asked Baybars why he did not imprison Al-Nawawi in retaliation, to which Baybars replied that whenever he thought of locking up Al-Nawawi, a fear flowed through his heart. In both encounters, Baybars abided by Al-Nawawi's counsel.
Death and legacy
In the last third of the night of Wednesday, 25
Rajab 676 AH, corresponding to 22 December, 1277 AD, Al-Nawawi passed away at relatively young age of 45. He was buried the next morning.
An-Nawawi's lasting legacy is his contribution to
hadith through his momentous works Forty Hadiths and Riyadh as-Saaliheen.
This made him respected in all
madhabs, despite him being of Shafi'i jurisprudence.
According to
Al-Dhahabi, Imam Nawawi's concentration and absorption in academic love gained proverbial fame. He had devoted all his time for learning and scholarship. Other than reading and writing, he spent his time contemplating on the interacted and complex issues and in finding their solutions.
praise him for 3 characteristics:
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His level of scholarship. Writing more than 40 pages daily from age 18-45. Studying continuously for 12 hours and then teaching for another 12 hours at age 18-20 in Damascus.
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His asceticism. Not marrying in fear of faltering his wife's right, lack of love for dunya, constant worshipping of Allah, constant Dhikr.
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His keenness in enjoining good and forbidding evil.
Destruction of tomb
In 2015, during the ongoing Syrian Civil War, his tomb was demolished by
Rebellion linked to
Al Nusra.
Works
During his life of 45 years
he wrote "at least fifty books"
[Jamaal al-Din M. Zarabozo, Commentary on the Forty Hadith of Al-Nawawi, Volume 1, Al-Basheer Publication & Translation (1999), p. 33] on Islamic studies and other topics. Some scholar counted pages he written and calculated that he wrote 40+ pages daily from age 18 till his death. Some his writings is still reached vastly as no author has superseded him in those writing. These include:
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Al Minhaj bi Sharh Sahih Muslim (شرح صحيح مسلم), making use of others before him, and is considered one of the best commentaries on Sahih Muslim. It is available online.
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Riyadh as-Saaliheen (رياض الصالحين); collection of hadith on ethics, manners, conduct, popular in the Muslim world.
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al-Majmu' sharh al-Muhadhab (المجموع شرح المهذب), is a comprehensive manual of Sharia according to the Shafi'i school has been edited with French language translation by van den Bergh, 2 vols., Batavia (1882–1884), and published at Cairo (1888).
[
]
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Minhaj al-Talibin (منهاج الطالبين وعمدة المفتين في فقه الإمام الشافعي), a classical manual on Islamic Law according to Shafi'i fiqh.
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Tahdhib al-Asma wa'l-Lughat (تهذيب الأسماء), edited as the Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men chiefly at the Beginning of Islam (Arabic) by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1842–1847).
[
]
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Taqrib al-Taisir (التقريب والتيسير لمعرفة سنن البشير النذير), an introduction to the study of hadith, it is an extension of Ibn al-Salah's Muqaddimah, was published at Cairo, 1890, with Suyuti's commentary "Tadrib al-Rawi". It has been in part translated into French by W. Marçais in the Journal asiatique, series ix., vols. 16–18 (1900–1901).
[
]
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al-Arbaʿīn al-Nawawiyya (الأربعون النووية) - 'Forty Hadiths,' collection of forty-two fundamental traditions, frequently published along with numerous commentaries.
[
]
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Ma Tamas ilayhi hajat al-Qari li Saheeh al-Bukhaari (ما تمس إليه حاجة القاري لصـحيح البـخاري)
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Tahrir al-Tanbih (تحرير التنبيه)
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Kitab al-Adhkar (الأذكار المنتخبة من كلام سيد الأبرار); collection of supplications of prophet Muhammad.
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al-Tibyan fi adab Hamalat al-Quran (التبيان في آداب حملة القرآن)
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Adab al-fatwa wa al-Mufti wa al-Mustafti (آداب الفتوى والمفتي والمستفتي)
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al-Tarkhis fi al-Qiyam (الترخيص بالقيام لذوي الفضل والمزية من أهل الإسلام)
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Manasik (متن الإيضاح في المناسك) on Hajj rituals.
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al-Hatt ala al-Mantiq (الحت على المنطق) - 'The Insistence upon Logic,' written to address epistemological and historical criticisms of logic
[Ali, Mufti. "METODE AL-SUYUTI MERINGKAS AL-RADD ‘ALA'L-MANTIQIYYIN KARYA IBN TAYMIYYA." Al Qalam 22.3 (2005): 397.]
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Sharh Sunan Abu Dawood
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Sharh Sahih Bukhari
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Mukhtasar at-Tirmidhi
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Tabaqat ash-Shafi'iyah
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Rawdhat al-Talibeen
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Bustan al-`arifin
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Al-Maqasid
Recent English language editions
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Bustan al-ʿarifin (The Garden of Gnostics), Translated by Aisha Bewley
Minhaj al-Talibin
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Minhaj et talibin: A Manual of Muhammadan Law; According To The School of Shafi, Law Publishing Co (1977) ASIN B0006D2W9I
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Minhaj et talibin: A Manual of Muhammadan Law; According To The School of Shafi, Navrang (1992)
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Minhaj Et Talibin: A Manual of Muhammadan Law, Adam Publishers (2005)
The Forty Hadith
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Al-Nawawi Forty Hadiths and Commentary; Translated by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2010)
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Ibn-Daqiq's Commentary on the Nawawi Forty Hadiths; Translated by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2011)
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The Compendium of Knowledge and Wisdom; Translation of Jami' Uloom wal-Hikam by Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali translated by Abdassamad Clarke, Turath Publishing (2007)
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Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadith, Translated by Ezzeddin Ibrahim, Islamic Texts Society; New edition (1997)
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The Forty Hadith of al-Imam al-Nawawi, Abul-Qasim Publishing House (1999)
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The Complete Forty Hadith, Ta-Ha Publishers (2000)
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The Arba'een 40 Ahadith of Imam Nawawi with Commentary, Darul Ishaat
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Commentary on the Forty Hadith of Al-Nawawi (3 Vols.), by Jamaal Al-Din M. Zarabozo, Al-Basheer (1999)
Riyad al-Salihin
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Gardens of the righteous: Riyadh as-Salihin of Imam Nawawi, Rowman and Littlefield (1975)
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Riyad-us-Salihin: Garden of the Righteous, Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah
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Riyadh-us-Saliheen (Vol. 1&2 in One Book) (Arabic-English) Dar Ahya Us-Sunnah Al Nabawiya
See also
External links
