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Aizoaceae
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The Aizoaceae (), or fig-marigold family, are a large family of containing 135 and about 1,800 . Several genera are ice plants or carpet weeds. The Aizoaceae are also referred to as vygies in . Some of the unusual genera—such as , , , and (among others)—resemble , rocks, or pebbles, and are sometimes called living stones or mesembs (short for ).

Description
The family Aizoaceae is widely recognised by taxonomists. It once went by the botanical name " Ficoidaceae", now disallowed. The APG II system of 2003 (unchanged from the of 1998) also recognizes the family, and assigns it to the order in the clade . The APG II system also classes the former families Mesembryanthemaceae Fenzl, Sesuviaceae Horan. and Tetragoniaceae Link under the family Aizoaceae.

The common Afrikaans name "vygie" meaning "small fig" refers to the fruiting capsule, which resembles the true fig. Glistening epidermal bladder cells give the family its common name "ice plants".

Most fig-marigolds are , rarely somewhat woody, with growth and either erect or prostrate. are simple, opposite or alternate, and more or less succulent with entire (or rarely toothed) margins. are perfect in most species (but unisexual in some), actinomorphic, and appear singularly or in few-flowered cymes developing from the leaf axils. are typically five (3–8) and more or less connate (fused) below. True are absent. However, some species have numerous linear petals derived from staminodes. The seed capsules have one to numerous seeds per cell and are often , dispersing seeds by "jet action" when wet.

Distribution
Most species (96%, 1782 species in 132 genera) in this family are endemic to arid or semiarid parts of Southern in the . Much of the Aizoaceae's diversity is found in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, which is the most plant-diverse temperate region in the world. A few species are found in and the area.

Evolution
The radiation of the Aizoaceae, specifically the subfamily Ruschioideae, was one of the most recent among the , occurring 1.13–6.49 Mya. It is also one of the fastest radiations ever described in the angiosperms, with a diversification rate of about 4.4 species per million years. This diversification was roughly contemporaneous with major radiations in two other succulent lineages, and .

The family includes many species that use crassulacean acid metabolism as pathway for . Some species in the subfamily Sesuvioideae instead use carbon fixation, which might have evolved multiple times in the group.

Taxonomy
Because of the hyperdiversity of the Aizoaceae and the young age of the clade, many generic and species boundaries are uncertain.

Subfamily Acrosanthoideae
Genera:

Subfamily Aizooideae
Genera:

Subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae
Genera:
  • Aptenia N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Aridaria N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Aspazoma N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Brownanthus Schwantes, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Dactylopsis N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • L.
  • Phyllobolus N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Prenia N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Psilocaulon N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum
  • Synaptophyllum N.E.Br, synonym of Mesembryanthemum

Subfamily Ruschioideae
Genera:
Tribe
Tribe
  • Aethephyllum N.E.Br, synonym of Cleretum
  • N.E.Br
  • Dorotheanthus Schwantes, synonym of Cleretum

Tribe

Subfamily Sesuvioideae
This subfamily includes a number of species.

Genera:

Unplaced genera
Include;

Uses
Several genera are cultivated. , or "living stones", are popular as novelty house plants because of their stone-like appearance.

Some species are edible, including:

  • Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot fig, highway ice plant) has edible leaves and fruit.
    (1990). 9780962808708, Kampong Publications.
  • Mesembryanthemum crystallinum has edible leaves.
  • Tetragonia tetragonoides ("New Zealand spinach") is grown as a garden plant in somewhat dry climates and used as an alternative to in upscale .
    (1989). 9780207143830, Angus and Robertson.

C. edulis was introduced to California in the early 1900s to stabilize soil along railroad tracks and has become invasive. In southern California, ice plants are sometimes used as firewalls; however, they do burn if not carefully maintained.

Further reading
External links

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