Agnihotra (IAST: Agnihotra, Devnagari: अग्निहोत्र) refers to the yajna of offering ghee into the sacred fire as per strict rites, and may include twice-daily heated milk offering made by those in the Śrauta tradition.
This tradition dates back to the Vedic Age; the Brahmans perform the Agnihotra ritual chanting the verses from the Rigveda. It is part of a pan-Indo-Iranians heritage, which includes the related Iranian fire-worship ritual called Zoroastrianism Yasna Haptaŋhāiti ritual mentioned in the Old Avestan. In the historical Vedic religion, Agnihotra was the simplest public rite, and the head of every Brahmin and Vaishya family was required to conduct it twice daily.
Vedic Agnihotra
Preliminaries
The ritual is conducted twice daily, right before or after
sunrise and after sunset or the appearance of the first night star. The morning and evening agnihotras differ by the mantras and chants made by the officiants. At least four people take part in the sacrifice: the sacrificer, who hires priests to perform the ceremony (
Brahmin), his wife, an
Adhvaryu () and a milker.
Vedic rituals are typically performed by four priests: the aforementioned adhvaryu, who is responsible for the physical details of the sacrifice and chants the Yajurveda, a hotṛ () who recites the Rigveda, an udgātṛ () who sings hymns of the Samaveda, and a brahman () who supervises the ceremony, and recites the Atharvaveda while correcting any errors that may occur. There are three fires: an eastern offertorial fire called an āhavanīya () lit in a square fire pit, a western fire called the gārhapatya () lit in a circular fire pit, which represents the householder's fire, and a southern fire simply called the dakṣiṇāgni (Southern fire) (). During the ceremonies, a ritual poker, pot (), a spoon (), and ladle () are all used. At the centre of the ritual space is an earthen altar () where the tools to perform the ritual are placed.
The most common offering in the Agnihotra ritual is milk. The Kātyāyana Śrautasūtra advises devotees to sacrifice with milk to obtain cattle or a position in heaven. Alternative offerings for different goals are also recommended: the acquisition of a village with rice gruel, strength with plain rice grains, refined senses with curds, and "sharpness" or "spirit" () with ghee. Performance of the Agnihotra as a purely ritual obligation is known as nitya (), while performance with a special purpose is called kāmya. ()
Ritual
When the sacrificial area has been cleaned and the sacrificial fire lit, a cow is brought to the grounds and the milker, an
ā́rya and not a
śūdra, recites mantras before it, then brings the calf to the right side of its mother before beginning the milking. The milk is kept in the
agnihotrasthālī, which can also only be made by an
ā́rya.
When the milking is complete, the adhvaryu pours water around the three fires, before boiling the collected milk on coals collected from the gārhapatya. The adhvaryu draws milk into the ladle, pouring it first onto the āhavanῑya twice: first while reciting mantras, and the second silently as an offering to Prajapati. The mantra for offering the milk during the evening is "Agni is the light. The light is Agni, svaha". (). In the morning, Surya is substituted for Agni: ().
When the are complete, the ladle is cleaned with Darbha grass and refilled with water. It is then heated on the āhavanīya as additional mantras are recited, and poured onto the altar as an additional libation. In certain versions of the ritual (but not that contained in the Tattirīya Brahmana), this is followed by a blade of grass being offered to the āhavanīya. When the ceremony is complete, the adhvaryu sips some of the leftover water, recites the mantra "From Rta I have found Satya" and pours water on his head.
Ithihasa
The Brāhmaṇas give several explanations for the origin of the agnihotra. In one,
Prajapati creates
Agni, and then offers the sweat of his brow (which became ghee) or his eye after hearing his voice commanding himself to sacrifice, creating
Surya. The origin of the exclamation
svāhā, said as offerings are made into the sacrificial fire, is explained as a combination of
svā (own) and
āha (spoken). In another, the agnihotra is a condensed version of a thousand-year sacrifice
Prajapati and the other devas performed to gain divine power.
Agnihotra rituals in Nepal
Witzel (1992) locates the first Agnishala hypothetically at Jhul (
Matatirtha), in the western ridge of the
Kathmandu Valley and later at the southern rim of the palace of
Amshuverma at Hadigaon,
Kathmandu. The first source of inscription evidence was from Tachapal tole, east part of
Bhaktapur city, also shown by a legend that the
Maithils King
Harisimhadeva would establish the
yantra of Taleju Bhavānī in the house of an
Agnihotri. From 1600 CE onward, the Agnihotra has been attested to the Agnishala temple in Patan only.
The Agnihotra ritual in Nepal has been first recorded in an inscription of King Anandadeva in c. 1140 CE that mentions of the initiations of his two sons, viz. Yasho Malla and prince Somesvara at Agnimatha (or Agnishala in Lalitpur).
Along with these, there are other Agnishalas identified and recently revived, viz.
-
at southern edge of Pashupatinath temple (a UNESCO World Heritage Site of Nepal) by a Purbe Brahmin. This has been in practice for almost 200 years now, and for this Agnishala, in 1974 the government provided NRs. 18,000 (then around US$7,000) per year.
-
at Kumarigal, south of Boudhanath (another UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nepal) in Kathmandu by Narayan Prasad, a Purbe Brahmin
-
at Thamel, north of central Kathmandu by Tirtha Raj Acharya
Arya Samaj
Arya Samaj is a religious reform movement founded in 1875 advocating a return to
Veda religion as interpreted by its founder, Dayananda Saraswati. Strongly criticizing the "Puranic" ritual of performing pujas to
(religious images such as statues), adherents perform a variation of agnihotra as part of the five
as described in Vedic texts.
Gajanan Maharaj
A simplified variant of the agnihotra ceremony was popularized in the mid-1900s by Gajanan Maharaj,
[The Gajanan Maharaj who promoted agnihotra was not Gajanan Maharaj, but an identically-named religious leader active in the 20th century] and entails the offering of ghee and brown rice into only a single fire lit in a copper pyramid-shaped
brazier with cow dung and additional amounts of ghee. Mantras are repeated during this process.
Practitioners claim a number of physical and environmental benefits from performing the ritual; however, these are
Pseudoscience.
In 2007, Sylvia Kratz and Ewald Schaung found that while Agnihotra ash possibly increased the amount of
phosphorus in soil, levels were the same regardless of whether the ceremony was done at the prescribed times with mantras or not. The composition of the pyramid was found to be a factor, with ash created in iron pyramids containing significantly less phosphorus than ones made of copper.
Mantras
Like the Vedic Agnihotra, the modern version of Agnihotra perpetuated by Gajanan Maharaj and groups such as Homa Therapy has two variants, one for the evening and one for the morning. At sunset, the practitioner says
"Agnaye svāhā idam Agnaye na mama" (
Devanagari: अग्नये स्वाहा इदम् अग्नये न मम), offering the first half of the rice or ghee into the fire after "svāhā" is spoken. After the first mantra is said, the practitioner then says,
"Prajāpataye svāhā Prajāpataye idam na mama" (Devanagari: प्रजापतये स्वाहा प्रजापतये इदम् न मम), again offering a second portion of rice and/or ghee as soon as "svāhā" is spoken. The morning Agnihotra is identical, save for the fact that
Surya is substituted for Agni.
See also
Notes
External links
