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Afghans (, ; , ) are the citizens and nationals of , as well as their descendants in the .

(2025). 9780195382754, Oxford University Press.
(2025). 9781336024847, Crown Publishing Group.
The country is made up of various ethnic groups, of which , , , and are the largest. The three main languages spoken among the Afghan people are (a variety of ), , and Uzbek. Historically, the term "Afghan" was a Pashtun ethnonym, but later came to refer to all people in the country, regardless of their ethnicity after the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan proposed by the King of Afghanistan, Mohammad Zahir Shah.


Etymology
The earliest mention of the name Afghan ( Abgân) is by of the during the 3rd century CE,
(2025). 9783889396280, IKO. .
In the 4th century, the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as reference to the Pashtun people is mentioned in the documents found in Northern Afghanistan.
(2020). 9789493194014, Barkhuis. .
(2025). 9781874780922, The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press.
The word 'Afghan' is of origin and refers to the Pashtun people. Some scholars suggest that the word "Afghan" is derived from the words awajan/apajan in and ava-Han/apa-Han in , which means "killing, striking, throwing and resisting, or defending." Under the , and possibly the , the word was used to refer to men of a certain Persian sect. In the past, several scholars sought a connection with "horse", Skt.aśva-, Av.aspa-, i.e. the Aśvaka or Aśvakayana, the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan, the ancient inhabitants of the region. Some have theorized that the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan has been preserved in that of the modern , with the name Afghan being derived from Asvakan. "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol I, fn 6; also Vol II, p 129, et al.Etude Sur la Geog Grecque & c, pp 39–47, M. V. de Saint Martin.The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1891, p 83, Élisée Reclus – Geography. "Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the , Asva , or Asvaka , a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society). "Afghans are Assakani of the ; this word being the meaning 'horsemen' " (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a cavalier , and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of Alexander" (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).

As an adjective, the word Afghan also means "of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, or culture". According to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan, all Afghans citizens are equal in rights and obligations before the law. The fourth article of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which was valid until 2021, states that citizens of Afghanistan consist of Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Aimaq, Arab, , , , , and members of other ethnicities. There are political disputes regarding this: there are members of the non-Pashtun ethnicities of Afghanistan that reject the term Afghan being applied to them, and there are Pashtuns in Pakistan that wish to have the term Afghan applied to them.


Usage as an ethnonym
The pre-nation state, historical ethnonym Afghan was used to refer to a member of the Pashtun ethnic group. Due to the changing political nature of the state, the meaning has changed, and the term has shifted to refer to the national identity of people from Afghanistan of all ethnicities.

From a more limited, ethnological point of view, " Afḡhān" is the term by which the -speakers of Afghanistan (and the non-Pashtō-speaking ethnic groups generally) designate the Pashtūn. The equation Afghans = Pashtūn has been propagated all the more, both in and beyond Afghanistan, because the Pashtūn tribal confederation has maintained its hegemony in the country, numerically and politically.


Variations
The term Afghani refers to the unit of . The term is also often used in the English language (and appears in some dictionaries) for a person or thing related to Afghanistan, although some have expressed the opinion that this usage is incorrect. The reason for this usage might be because the term "Afghani" (افغانی) is in fact a valid demonym for Afghans in the overall , whereas "Afghan" is derived from Pashto. Thus, "Afghan" is the form of "Afghani" when translating from Dari Persian, but not from Pashto. Another variant is Afghanese, which has been seldom used in place of Afghan.


Ethnicities
Afghans come from various ethnic backgrounds. The largest ethnic groups are , , , and , who make up approximately 95% of the population of Afghanistan. They are of diverse origins including of , or ethnolinguistic roots.


Religions
The Afghan people of all ethnicities are predominantly and traditionally followers of , of whom around 90% are of and 10% the branch. Other religious minorities include the , , Afghan Zoroastrians, and Afghan Christians.


Culture
Afghan culture has existed for over three millennia, dating back to the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE. Afghans have both common cultural features and those that differ between regions with each of the 34 provinces having its own unique distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country. Afghanistan's culture is historically linked to nearby , including both countries following the , the Solar Hijri calendar and speaking similar languages, this is due to Iran and Afghanistan being culturally close to each other for thousands of years.


See also
  • Demographics of Afghanistan
  • Afghan (ethnonym)
  • Name of Afghanistan


Sources

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