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Adullam (, ) is an ancient ruin once numbered among the thirty-six cities of Canaan whose kings "Joshua and the children of Israel smote" (Joshua 12:7–24). After that, it fell as an inheritance to the tribe of Judah and was included in the northern division of the Shephelah "lowland" cities of the land of Judah (Joshua 15:35). Adullam is mentioned multiple times in the Hebrew Bible, including events featuring David who took refuge at Adullam, escaping King Saul. At this time Adullam was close to the land of the Philistines.
The current site is also known by the Arabic name Khurbet esh-Sheikh Madhkur, 9 mi. (15 km.) northeast of Bayt Jibrin, and was built upon a hilltop overlooking the Elah valley, straddling the Green Line between Israel and the West Bank, and with its suburban ruin, , lying directly below it.Survey of Israel, Map 15-11 "Zurif", 1962.:File:15-11-Zurif-1962.jpg By the late 19th century, the settlement, which had been a town, was in ruins.; On Palestine Exploration Fund Map: Hebron (Sheet XXI), the ruin of Khurbet 'Aid el Ma appears directly to the north of Khurbet esh-Sheikh Madhkur, in the valley below. The ancient ruin is distinguished by its many razed structures lying in a field the size of a football field, interspersed with terebinths, directly alongside a small paved road that runs parallel to the main Roglit – Aderet road: see Survey of Western Palestine, 1878 Map, Map 21: IAA, Wikimedia commons, as surveyed and drawn under the direction of Lieut. C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener, May 1878. Victor Guerin believed that there was once an Upper Adullam and a Lower Adullam. The hilltop ruin is named after Madkour, one of the sons of the Sultan Beder, for whom is built a shrine ( wely) and formerly called by its inhabitants Wely Madkour..
The hilltop is mostly flat, with carved into the rock. The remains of stone structures which once stood there can still be seen. Sedimentary layers of ruins from the old Canaanite and Israelites eras, mostly potsherds, are noticeable everywhere, although olive groves now grow atop of this hill, enclosed within stonewall enclosures. The villages of Aderet, Aviezer and Khirbet al-Deir are located nearby. The ruin lies about south of moshav Neve Michael. The site has been surveyed archaeologically and was partially excavated in 2015.
Upon, at 11:20 AM, we descend to the east in the valley. At 11:25 AM, I examine other ruins, called Khirbet A'id el-Miah. Sixty toppled houses in the wadi formed a village that still existed in the Muslim period, as proven the remains of a mosque there observed. In antiquity, the ruins that cover the plateau of the hill of Sheikh Madkour and which extend in the valley were probably one and the same city, divided into two parts, the upper part and the lower part.
While Guérin does not specifically say that the site in question was the ancient Adullam, he holds that Kh. esh-Sheikh Madkour and Kh. 'Id el Minya are to be recognised as the same city; the upper and the lower. The site is maintained by the Jewish National Fund in Israel, and archaeological surveys and partial excavations have been conducted. The site features ancient caverns, cisterns carved into the rock, and a Muslim shrine known as Wely Sheikh Madkour.
Kh. 'Id el Minya, also known as 'Eid al-Miah (Palestine grid: 1504/1181), is the site recognised as Adullam proper,, citing M. Clermont-Ganneau. being now a tell at the southern end of Wadi es-Sûr, an extension of the Elah valley. The site was first recognised as the biblical Adullam by French archaeologist Clermont-Ganneau in 1871, based on its location, a close approximation of the name and the ceramic finds it yielded. The ruin sits at an elevation of above sea-level. The ruin is overgrown with vegetation and trees on the northern flanks of the mountain whereon lies Kh. esh-Sheikh Madkour. Razed stone structures, a stone water trough, and the shaft of a stone column can still be seen there. Palestine Exploration Fund surveyor, C.R. Conder, mentions having seen in ʻAid el-Miyeh an ancient well having stone water-troughs round it.
Earlier attempts at identification have led some to call other cave systems by the name of "Cave of Adullam." Early drawings depicting the so-called "Adullam cave" have tentatively been identified with the cavern of Umm el-Tuweimin, and the cave at Khureitun (named after Chariton the Ascetic), Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement of 1875, pp. 173–174. although modern day archaeologists and historical geographers have rejected these early hypotheses as being the Cave of Adullam,C.R. Conder, Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement of 1875, p. 145. and have accepted that ʻAid el-Miyeh is the Adullam of old.
It has been pointed out that Kh. esh-Sheikh Madkour, if indeed it is the biblical Adullam, lies only southwest of Timnah, a site mentioned in Genesis, ch. 38, as being visited by Judah when he went up from Adullam to shear his sheep.
By the Iron Age, Adullam is referred to in the Hebrew Bible as being one of the royal cities of the Canaanites, and is listed along with the cities Tel Yarmuth and Socho as occupying a place in the region geographically known as the Shefelah, or what is a place of transition between the mountainous region and the coastal plains.
It was here that Judah, the son of Jacob (Israel), came when he left his father and brothers in Migdal Eder. Judah befriended a certain Hirah, an Adullamite. In Adullam, Judah met his first wife (unnamed in the Book of Genesis), the daughter of Shuah.
During the period of the Israelite conquest of the land of Canaan, Adullam was one of many city-states with independent and sovereign kings. According to the same biblical source, the king of Adullam was slain by Joshua and the Israelites during their conquest of the land. The immediate lands were, by what was thought to be a "divine act" of casting lots, given as a tribal inheritance to the progeny of Judah.;
More than 400 years later, the scene of David's victory over Goliath in the Elah valley was within a short distance from Adullam, at that time a frontier village. Although David was elevated and allowed to sit in King Saul's presence, he soon fell into disrepute with the king and was forced to flee.
David sought refuge in Adullam after being expelled from the city of Gath by King Achish. The Book of Samuel refers to the Cave of Adullam where he found protection while living as a refugee from King Saul. Certain caves, and sepulchres are still to be seen on the hilltop, as well as on its northern and eastern slopes. It was there that "every one that was in distress gathered together, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented." There, David thirsted for the well-waters of his native Beth-lehem, then occupied by a Philistine garrison. A party of David's mighty-men of valor went and fetched him water from that place, but, when they returned, David refused to drink it.
In the 10th-century BCE, Adullam was thought to have strategic importance, prompting King David's grandson, Rehoboam (c. 931–913 BCE), to fortify the town, among others, against Ancient Egypt. According to Israeli historian Nadav Na'aman, this was not a fortress in the real sense, but only a town inhabited by a civilian population, although it functioned as an administrative military center in which a garrison was stationed and food and armor stored.
Sennacherib, during his third military campaign, despoiled many of the cities belonging to Judah. The Assyrian period was followed by the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, a time marked by general unrest and the eventual deportation of the inhabitants of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian army in the sixth century BCE. Adullam, as with other towns of the region, would not have gone unaffected.
The political entity that was established in Judea at the time was that of a vassal state, as Judea became a province of the Persian Empire, governed by a satrap.
As late as the early 4th century CE, Adullam was described by Eusebius as being "a very large village about ten Roman miles east of Bayt Jibrin.". As for the word "east," this is not to be understood directly east in relation to Beit Gubrin (Eleutheropolis), as proven by other descriptions of biblical place names in Eusebius' writings, but can also mean "northeast", as in this case, or "southeast".
French Oriental studies and archaeologist, Charles Clermont-Ganneau, visited the site in 1874 and wrote: "The place is absolutely uninhabited, except during the rainy season, when the herdsmen take shelter there for the night."
The Arabs of Bayt Nattif in the 19th century, when asked about the meaning of the name of the nearby ruin, ʻA'ïd el-Miah, related their own legend about the origin of the name. According to their version, the name ʻA'ïd el-Miah = lit. "Holiday of the Hundred," revolves around an event that occurred there, years ago. According to their story, a large fight broke out on a holiday, in which a hundred people were killed and the settlement destroyed. In memory of the event, the ruins of the settlement were named ʻA'ïd el-Miah, which means "Holiday of the Hundred." Scholars explain this as a case of 'popular etymology', where, in Palestinian toponyms, the original denotation of a town's name is often "re-interpreted" by its local population.
Surveys were conducted on the site in the years 1992 and 1999. As late as 2003, the archaeological site of Adullam, both, Upper and Lower, had not been excavated, but by September 2015, an excavation to a depth of 0.2 m in six squares of equal size was conducted in the surface of the Upper ruin, in hopes of determining the extent of the settlement at the site during the various periods from the relative distribution of the pottery. The gathered pottery sherds found in situ dated from the Early Bronze Age to the Ottoman period.
History
Chalcolithic period
Surface finds of late Chalcolithic pottery have been recovered from Tel Adullam and the archaeological site at the foot of the tell. Further evidence of human activity from this period has not been discovered through excavation.
Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Hebrew Bible
The "Adullam" mentioned in the Hebrew Bible is thought to be identical with Tell Sheikh Madkhur., who wrote: "The term Shephelah is used in the Talmud to mean the low hills of soft limestone, which, as already explained, form a distinct district between the plain and the watershed mountains. The name Sifla, or Shephelah, still exists in four or five places within the region round Beit Jibrîn, and we can therefore have no doubt as to the position of that district, in which Adullam is to be sought. Clermont-Ganneau was the fortunate explorer who first recovered the name, and I was delighted to find that Corporal Brophy had also collected it from half a dozen different people, without knowing that there was any special importance attaching to it. The title being thus recovered, without any leading question having been asked, I set out to examine the site, the position of which agrees almost exactly with the distance given by Jerome, between Bayt Jibrin and Adullam—ten Roman miles." The so-called "Biblical period", for time reference-sake, has been referred to by historians and archaeologists as the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, meaning, the Late Canaanite and Israelite periods, respectively. Anson Rainey recognized Adullam ( Kh. esh-Sheikh Madhkûr) as a Late Bronze Age site.
Assyrian and Chaldean conquests
In the late 8th-century BCE, the Book of Micah recalled the cities of the lowlands of Judah during a time of encroachment in the country: "I will yet bring unto thee, O inhabitant of , him that shall possess thee; he shall come even unto Adullam, O glory of Israel.", following the interpretation of the verse by Rashi.
Persian period
The only record of Adullam for this time-period (c. 539–331 BCE) is taken from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the account of Nehemiah who returned with the Jewish exiles from the Babylonian captivity, during the reign of Artaxerxes I. According to Ezra, the acclaimed author of the book,Among the 24 books of the Hebrew canon, the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah are numbered as one book, and which, according to Babylonian Talmud ( Baba Bathra 15a), was compiled by Ezra the Scribe. some of these returnees had settled in Adullam. According to Nehemiah, the postexilic community that resettled in Adullam traced their lineage to the tribe of Judah.
Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods
Few records abound for the site during the classical period. In 163 BCE, it was in Adullam that Judas Maccabaeus, the principal leader of the Maccabean Revolt during a time of foreign dominion in the country, retired with his fighting men, after returning from war against the Idumaeans and the Seleucid Empire general, Gorgias.2 Maccabees 12:32–38; Josephus ( Antiquities 6.12.3.; 8.10.1.) Adullam stood near the highway which later became the Roman road in the Valley of Elah, which road led from Jerusalem to Bayt Jibrin.
Ottoman period
Adullam was an inhabited village in the late 16th century. An Ottoman Daftar of 1596 lists ʻAyn al-Mayyā () in the nahiya Hebron (Hebron subdistrict), and where it is noted that it had thirty-six Muslim heads of households. The copyist of the same tax ledger had erroneously mistaken the Arabic dal in the document for a nun, and which name has since been corrected by historical geographers Yoel Elitzur and Toledano to read ʻA'ïd el-Miah (), based on the entry's number of fiscal unit in the daftar and its corresponding place on Hütteroth's map.; (The number of fiscal unit in the daftar, corresponding to the map, is "P-17"). Local inhabitants grew wheat and barley, as well as cultivated olives. Total revenues accruing from the village for that year amounted to 5160 akçe.
According to Conder, an ancient road, leading from Beth-zur to Isdud once passed through ʿAīd el Mâ (Adullam) and was still partially visible.
Modern period
In 1957, the establishment of the Adullam region () began, a settlement area comprising over 100,000 dunams (25,000 acres), and bearing the name of the biblical city.Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p. 71, Near the mound, north of it, Moshav Aderet was established in 1958.
Bibliography
(2026). 9789652205001, Carta. ISBN 9789652205001
Yoel Elitzur (2026). 157506071X, Eisenbrauns. 157506071X
(1977). 9783920405414, Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. . ISBN 9783920405414
(2026). 9780391042179, E.J. Brill. ISBN 9780391042179
Further reading
External links
Categories: Archaeological Sites In Israel, Nature Reserves In Israel, Canaanite Cities, Biblical Geography, Ancient Israel And Judah, Former Populated Places In Israel, Ancient Sites In Israel, Ancient Jewish Settlements Of Judaea, Mateh Yehuda Regional Council, Hebrew Bible Cities, Tells, Valley Of Elah, Establishments In The Kingdom Of Judah
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