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These disasters are producing unprecedented consequences, and they are emerging faster and lasting longer than ever before. This conclusion is the result of long-term case-studies of seven highly publicized industrial disasters that occurred between 1949 and 1989--the mercury contamination in Minamata, Japan; the underground fires in Centralia, Pennsylvania; the airborn dioxin release at Seveso, Italy; the poison gas cloud in Bhopal, India; the nuclear reactor fire at Chernobyl, Ukraine; the destruction of Iran's oil facilities during the war with Iraq; and the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. The book stresses the need for long-term post-disaster assessment and the creation of information clearing-houses that focus on industrial disaster surprises. These and other proposals show how recovery systems can accommodate the lingering impacts of chronic industrial disasters and the unpredictable changes ahead.
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