NARA, M1423, reel 12, Phillips to U.S. secretary ofstate, “Anti-Jewish measures in Italy,” n. 1120, October 21, 1938. 5. ASV, AESS, pos. 560, fasc. 592, f. 117r, Tardini notes, 19 ottobre 1938. “The official memorandum is necessary,” wrote...
The compelling story of Pope Pius XI's secret relations with Benito Mussolini. A ground-breaking work, based on seven years of research in the Vatican and Fascist archives by US National Book Award-finalist David Kertzer, it will forever change our understanding of the Vatican's role in the rise of Fascism in Europe.
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