Amblypygi is an order of arachnids also known as whip-spiders or tailless whip-scorpions, not to be confused with Uropygi or vinegaroons that belong to the related order Thelyphonida. The name "amblypygid" means "blunt tail", a reference to a lack of the flagellum that is otherwise seen in whip-scorpions. Amblypygids possess no silk glands or venom. They rarely bite if threatened but can grab fingers with their pedipalps, resulting in thorn-like puncture-injuries.
As of 2023, five families, 17 genera, and around 260 species had been discovered and described.
Description
Body-plan
Being arachnids, Amblypygi possess two body-segments; the
prosoma and the
opisthosoma (often referred to as the
cephalothorax and abdomen), four pairs of legs, pedipalps, and
chelicerae. Their bodies are broad and highly flattened, with a solid prosoma and a segmented opisthosoma.
Amblypygids range from in legspan.
The first pair of legs act as sensory organs and are not used for walking. The sensory legs are very thin and elongated, have numerous sensory receptors, and can extend several times the length of the body.
Pedipalps
Amblypygids have
raptorial modified for grabbing and retaining prey, much like the forelegs of
.
The pedipalps are generally covered in spines, used for impaling and capturing prey. They are kept folded in front of the prosoma when not in use.
Recent work suggests that the pedipalps display sexual dimorphism in their size and shape.
Pedipalp anatomy varies strongly with species, with configurations often conforming to a particular style of prey capture. The pedipalps of some genera such as Euphrynicus are extremely long, and free of spines until near the extreme distal end of the appendage.
Exoskeleton
Whip-spiders are covered with a layer of a solidified secretion that forms a super-hydrophobic coating.
[ Whip spiders (Amblypygi) become water-repellent by a colloidal secretion that self-assembles into hierarchical microstructures] Studies on the spotted tailless whip-scorpion also show their exoskeleton is enriched with several trace-elements, including calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc, which tends to accumulate as the individual gets older. The same trace-elements are also present in the exoskeleton of the other members of
Tetrapulmonata.
[ Elemental enrichment of the exoskeleton of the whip spider Phrynus marginemaculatus (Arachnida: Amblypygi)]
Behavior
Amblypygids have eight legs, but use only six for walking, often in a crab-like, sideways fashion. The front pair of legs are modified for use as antennae-like feelers, with many fine segments giving the appearance of a "whip". When a suitable prey is located with the antenniform legs, the amblypygid seizes its victim with large spines on the grasping
, impaling and immobilizing the prey. This is typically done while climbing the side of a vertical surface and looking downward at their prey.
Pincer-like chelicerae then work to grind and chew the prey prior to ingestion. The tailless whip scorpion may go for over a month in which no food is eaten. Often this is due to pre-Moulting. Due to the lack of venom the tailless whip scorpion is very nervous in temperament, retreating away if any dangerous threat is sensed by the animal.
Courtship involves the male depositing stalked , which have one or more sperm masses at the tip, onto the ground, and using his pedipalps to guide the female over them.
Some species of amblypygids, particularly Phrynus marginemaculatus and Damon diadema, may be among the few examples of arachnids that exhibit social behavior. Research conducted at Cornell University suggests that mother amblypygids communicate with their young with her antenniform front-legs, and the offspring reciprocate both with their mother and siblings. The ultimate function of this social behavior remains unknown.
The amblypygid diet mostly consists of arthropod prey, but these opportunistic predators have also been observed feeding on vertebrates.
As pets
Several genera of Amblypygi are sold and kept as
, including
Acanthophrynus,
Charinus, Charon, Damon, Euphrynichus, Heterophrynus,
Phrynus,
Paraphrynus, and
Phrynichus.
Tailless whip-scorpions are kept in tall enclosures with arboreal climbing surfaces to allow for two things: Enough vertical space for climbing and
molting, and enough space for heat to dissipate in order to keep the enclosure between and . of substrate at the bottom of the enclosure is generally sufficient to allow for burrowing and also serves as a method to retain water in order to keep the humidity above 75%. Tailless whip-scorpions live anywhere between 5 and 10 years. Feeding can include small insects such as crickets, mealworms, and roaches.
Genera
The following genera are recognised:
-
Palaeoamblypygi Weygoldt, 1996
-
Paracharontidae Weygoldt, 1996
-
Paracharon Hansen, 1921 (1 species, West Africa)
-
Jorottui Moreno-González, Gutierrez-Estrada, & Prendini, 2023 (1 species, northern South America)
-
Weygoldtinidae Dunlop, 2018
-
† Weygoldtina Dunlop, 2018 (2 species, Upper Carboniferous Europe, North America)
-
Euamblypygi Weygoldt, 1996
-
† Paracharonopsis Engel & Grimaldi, 2014 (1 species, Cambay amber, India, Eocene)
-
Charinidae Weygoldt, 1996
-
Charinus Simon, 1892 (33 species)
-
Sarax Simon, 1892 (10 species)
-
Weygoldtia Miranda, Giupponi, Prendini & Scharff, 2018 (3 species)
-
Neoamblypygi Weygoldt, 1996
-
Charontidae Simon, 1892
-
Catageus Thorell, 1889 (9 species)
-
Charon Karsch, 1879 (5 species)
-
Unidistitarsata Engel & Grimaldi, 2014
-
† Kronocharon Engel & Grimaldi, 2014 (1 species, Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cretaceous)
-
† Burmacharon? Hu et al. 2020 (1 species, Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cretaceous)
-
Phrynoidea Blanchard, 1852
-
Incertae sedis:
-
† Sorellophrynus Harvey, 2002 (1 species, Upper Carboniferous, North America)
-
† Thelyphrynus Petrunkevich, 1913 (1 species, Upper Carboniferous, North America)
External links
