Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

 ( Alveolar Consonants ) 

Voiceless alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of sound used in almost all spoken . The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the "t" sound in "stick".

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental consonant, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is . The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, and the postalveolar with a retraction line, , and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, .

The sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain , and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a are colloquial Samoan language (which also lacks an ), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), including Kota, Toda language, Venda language and many Australian Aboriginal languages; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with dental being the local realization of the Standard English phoneme spelled ).

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Features Features of a voiceless alveolar stop:

• There are three specific variants of :
• Dental consonant, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical consonant and laminal.
• Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
• Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

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Occurrence

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Dental or denti-alveolar

+ Occurrence of in various languages ! colspan="2"	Notes
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Czech phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar .
Laminal denti-alveolar.
See English phonology.
	Corresponds to .
		Southern Hiberno-English
	Allophone of before , in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
See Hindustani phonology
	Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
Laminal denti-alveolar, most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨t⟩.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Contrasts . See Malayalam phonology
Interdental.
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
Dental.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to , and/or in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar.

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Alveolar

+ Occurrence of in various languages ! colspan="2"	Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
See Abkhaz phonology
See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used.
Bengali language		Bengali language]]		'the donkey'	True alveolar in eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of after and before denti-alveolar . See Bengali phonology
See Cantonese Phonology
	'iron'
Usually transcribed in IPA with or . Contrasts with the affricate or aspirated stop (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with or . See Danish phonology
See Dutch phonology
See English phonology
Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.
see Modern Hebrew phonology
See Hungarian phonology
Commonly t̪ by other speakers.
See Khmer phonology
See Korean phonology
See Kurdish phonology
	'forehead'
Less often voiced . It is usually transcribed , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed . See Luxembourgish phonology
Contrasts . See Malayalam phonology
See Mandarin Phonology
	'ladder/stairs'
Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Allophone before alveolar . In other dialects takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Traditionally apical. Can be aspirated word-initially in more English-influenced varieties.
See Tagalog phonology
Contrasts with an aspirated form.
See West Frisian phonology

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Postalveolar

+ Occurrence of !	Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Acehnese	teubèë		'sugarcane'	See Acehnese phonology
Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Hindustani	Apical postalveolar
Nepali language	टोली		'team'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Contrasts .

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Variable

+ Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions ! colspan="2"	Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. See Standard German phonology
Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment. See Modern Greek phonology
More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed . It may be partially voiced , and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed . See Norwegian phonology
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. See Persian phonology
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Toki Pona		toki		'language'	Can be aspirated.

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See also

• Index of phonetics articles

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Notes

• Bruce C. Donaldson (1993). 9783110134261, Mouton de Gruyter. . ISBN 9783110134261

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External links

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