Product Code Database
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize (usually ). Speech sounds can be described as either voicelessness (otherwise known as unvoiced) or voiced.
The term, however, is used to refer to two separate concepts:
For example, voicing accounts for the difference between the pair of sounds associated with the English letters ⟨s⟩ and ⟨z⟩. The two sounds are transcribed as and to distinguish them from the English letters, which have several possible pronunciations, depending on the context. If one places the fingers on the voice box (i.e., the location of the Adam's apple in the upper throat), one can feel a oscillation while z is pronounced but not with s. (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see modal voice and phonation.) In most European languages, with a notable exception being Icelandic, and other (consonants such as m, n, l, and r) are modal voice.
Yidiny language has no underlyingly voiceless consonants, only voiced ones.R. M. W. Dixon. (1977). A Grammar of Yidiny. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
When used to classify speech sounds, voiced and unvoiced are merely labels used to group phones and together for the purposes of classification.
In Unicode, the symbols are encoded and .
The extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet have a notation for partial voicing and devoicing as well as for prevoicing:
| partial/central voicing of | partial/central devoicing of | ||
| initial voicing | initial devoicing | ||
| final voicing | final devoicing |
Partial voicing can mean light but continuous voicing, discontinuous voicing, or discontinuities in the degree of voicing. For example, could be an with (some) voicing in the middle and could be with (some) devoicing in the middle.
Partial voicing can also be indicated in the normal IPA with transcriptions like and .Kretzschmar (1993) Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States, University of Chicago Press, p. 122.
The English word nods is made up of a sequence of phonemes, represented symbolically as , or the sequence of , , , and . Each symbol is an abstract representation of a phoneme. That awareness is an inherent part of speakers' mental grammar that allows them to recognise words.
However, phonemes are not sounds in themselves. Rather, phonemes are, in a sense, converted to phones before being spoken. The phoneme, for instance, can actually be pronounced as either the phone or the phone since is frequently devoiced, even in fluent speech, especially at the end of an utterance. The sequence of phones for nods might be transcribed as or , depending on the presence or strength of this devoicing. While the phone has articulatory voicing, the phone does not have it.
What complicates the matter is that for English, consonant phonemes are classified as either voiced or voiceless even though it is not the primary distinctive feature between them. Still, the classification is used as a stand-in for phonological processes, such as vowel lengthening that occurs before voiced consonants but not before unvoiced consonants or vowel quality changes (the sound of the vowel) in some dialects of English that occur before unvoiced but not voiced consonants. Such processes allow English speakers to continue to perceive difference between voiced and voiceless consonants when the devoicing of the former would otherwise make them sound identical to the latter.
English has four pairs of fricative phonemes that can be divided into a table by place of articulation and voicing. The voiced fricatives can readily be felt to have voicing throughout the duration of the phone especially when they occur between vowels.
However, in the class of consonants called stop consonant, such as , the contrast is more complicated for English. The "voiced" sounds do not typically feature articulatory voicing throughout the sound. The difference between the unvoiced stop phonemes and the voiced stop phonemes is not just a matter of whether articulatory voicing is present or not. Rather, it includes when voicing starts (if at all), the presence of aspiration (airflow burst following the release of the closure) and the duration of the closure and aspiration.
English voiceless stops are generally aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable, and in the same context, their voiced counterparts are voiced only partway through. In more narrow phonetic transcription, the voiced symbols are maybe used only to represent the presence of articulatory voicing, and aspiration is represented with a superscript h.
| + Voicing contrast in English stops ! Articulation ! Unvoiced ! Voiced | ||
| Pronounced with the lips closed: | ( pin) | ( bin) |
| Pronounced with the tongue near the gums: | ( ten) | ( den) |
| Pronounced with the tongue bunched up: | ( chin) | ( gin) |
| Pronounced with the back of the tongue against the palate: | ( coat) | ( goat) |
When the consonants come at the end of a syllable, however, what distinguishes them is quite different. Voiceless phonemes are typically unaspirated, glottalization and the closure itself may not even be released, making it sometimes difficult to hear the difference between, for example, light and like. However, auditory cues remain to distinguish between voiced and voiceless sounds, such as what has been described above, like the length of the preceding vowel.
Other English sounds, the vowels and sonorants, are normally fully voiced. However, they may be devoiced in certain positions, especially after aspirated consonants, as in c offee, t ree, and p lay in which the voicing is delayed to the extent of missing the sonorant or vowel altogether.
Juǀʼhoansi and some of its neighboring languages are typologically unusual in having contrastive partially-voiced consonants. They have aspirate and ejective consonants, which are normally incompatible with voicing, in voiceless and voiced pairs.Consonants that are called "voiced aspirate" normally have breathy voice, not voiceless aspiration, as in Juǀʼhoansi, Taa language and similar languages. The consonants start out voiced but become voiceless partway through and allow normal aspiration or ejection. They are and and a similar series of clicks, Lun Bawang contrasts them with plain voiced and voicelesses like /p, b, b͡p/.
There is a hypothesis that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants. That relation is based on sound perception as well as on sound production, where consonant voice, tenseness and gemination are only different manifestations of a common sound feature.
|
|
