Visual artifacts (also artefacts) are anomalies apparent during visual representation as in digital graphics and other forms of , especially photography and microscopy.
In digital graphics
- Image quality factors, different types of visual artifacts
- Compression artifacts
- , visual artifacts resulting from digital image processing
- Image noise
- Screen-door effect, also known as fixed-pattern noise (FPN), a visual artifact of digital projection technology
- Ghosting (television)
- Screen burn-in
- Distortion
- Silk screen effect
- Rainbow effect
- Screen tearing
- Moiré pattern
- Color banding
In video entertainment
- Temperature issues, such as failure of cooling fan.
- Unsuited video card (graphics card) drivers.
- Drivers that have values that the graphics card is not suited with.
- Overclocking beyond the capabilities of the particular video card.
- in the application or operating system.
The differing cases of visual artifacting can also differ between scheduled task(s).
In photography
- Chromatic aberration due to optical dispersion through a lens, leading to color fringes at high-contrast boundaries in a photograph
- Motion blur
- Near-camera reflection, visual artifacts caused by the backscatter of light by unfocused particles
In microscopy
In electron microscopy, distortions may be produced in the drying out of the specimen. Staining can cause the appearance of solid chemical deposits that may be seen as structures inside the cell. Different techniques including freeze-fracturing and cell fractionation may be used to overcome the problems of artifacts.
A crush artifact is an artificial elongation and distortion seen in histopathology and cytopathology studies, presumably because of iatrogenic compression of tissues. Distortion can be caused by the slightest compression of tissue and can provide difficulties in diagnosis. It may cause chromatin to be squeezed out of nuclei. Inflammatory and tumor cells are most susceptible to crush artifacts.
- Microtomy with a nick or blemish in the knife edge.
- Traction of the sections.
- Too much or too little alcohol dehydration.
- Sectioning calcified parts, which can be decalcified or removed.
File:Formalin pigment artifacts.jpg| Formalin pigment artifacts
File:Air bubble entrapment artifact.png|Air bubble entrapment artifact in a shoulder joint biopsy
File:Staining artifacts by residual wax.jpg| Staining artifacts by residual wax, resulting in pale areas where cellular structures are not discernible
File:Histopathology of radically excised basal-cell carcinoma with separation artifact (horizontal layout).jpg|A separation artifact in top image makes the tumor look incompletely excised, but the next microtomy level (bottom image) shows a surgical margin of connective tissue.
File:Micrograph of stacked cells.jpg| Stacking of cells on top of each other gives a dark look, and in this breast tissue it may mimic microcalcifications.
File:Pap smear of a monocyte with nuclear smearing artifact.jpg|Pap stained smear of a monocyte with nuclear smearing or smudging artifact, seen as a tail-like extension of nuclear material
File:Histopathology of small cell carcinoma - nuclear smudging.png|Small cell carcinoma is a cancer where the presence of smudging is a clue to the diagnosis.Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for findings: Last author update: 20 September 2022
In radiography
In magnetic resonance imaging
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