Dental click

 ( Dental Consonants ) 

Dental (or more precisely denti-alveolar)Ladefoged & Traill, 1984:18 clicks are a family of found, as constituents of words, only in Africa and in the Damin ritual jargon of Australia.

In English language, the tut-tut! (British spelling, "tutting") or tsk! tsk! (American spelling, "tsking") sound used to express disapproval or pity is an unreleasedIn the English sound, the velar closure is not released, unlike the released sound found in languages that combine clicks with vowels. dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic speech-sound. Similarly Paralanguage usage of dental clicks is made in certain other languages, but the meaning thereof differs widely between many of the languages (e.g., affirmation in Somali language but negation in many varieties of Arabic, Turkish language and the languages of the Balkans).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is , a vertical bar. Prior to 1989, was the IPA letter for the dental clicks. It is still occasionally used where the symbol would be confounded with other symbols, such as prosody marks, or simply because in many fonts the vertical bar is indistinguishable from a lowercase L or capital I.John Wells, 2011. Vertical lines. Compare the vertical bar, , with , , and (unformatted , , , ). Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis consonant clicks.

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Dental click consonants and their transcription In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a via a tie bar, though is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript without the tie bar, again often neglecting the . Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this does not distinguish velar from uvular dental clicks. Common dental clicks in these three transcriptions are:

			tenuis dental click
			aspirated dental click
			voiced dental click
			dental nasal click
			aspirated dental nasal click
			glottalized dental nasal click
			tenuis dental click
			aspirated dental click
			voiced dental click
			dental nasal click
			aspirated dental nasal click
			glottalized dental nasal click

The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.

In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for dental clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, , or on the Latin of Bantu convention. Nama and most Bushman languages use the former; Naro language, Sandawe language, and Zulu language use the latter.

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Features Features of dental clicks:

• The forward place of articulation is typically Dental consonant (or denti-alveolar) and laminal, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge or the upper teeth, but depending on the language may be interdental or even Apical consonant. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound.

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Occurrence Dental clicks are common in Khoisan languages and the neighboring Nguni languages, such as Zulu language and Xhosa language. In the Nguni languages, the Tenuis consonant is denoted by the letter c, the Breathy voice by gc, the aspirated click by ch, and the nasal click by nc. The prenasalized clicks are written ngc and nkc.

The Cushitic language Dahalo language has four clicks, all of them nasalized: .

Dental clicks may also be used para-linguistically. For example, English language speakers use a plain dental click, usually written tsk or tut (and often Reduplication tsk-tsk or tut-tut; these spellings often lead to spelling pronunciations or ), as an interjection to express commiseration, disapproval, irritation, or to call a small animal. German language (ts or tss), Hungarian (cöccögés), Persian language (noch), Portuguese (tsc), Russian (; sound file) Spanish language (ts) and French language (t-t-t-t) speakers use the dental click in a similar way as English.

The dental click is also used para-linguistically in Semitic languages such as Arabic language, Hebrew language and Indo-European Pashto language, and Persian language where it is transcribed as rtl=yes/noch and is also used as a negative response to a "yes or no" question (including Dari and Tajiki). It is also used in some languages spoken in regions closer to, or in, Europe, such as Turkish language, Albanian, Modern Greek, Bulgarian, Italian language, Portuguese, Spanish language, Romanian or Serbo-Croatian to denote a negative response to a "yes or no" question. The dental click is sometimes accompanied by an upward motion of the head. WALS info on Para-linguistic usage of the dental click

Zulu language		i ci ci		earring
		uku chaza		to fascinate
		isi gcino		end
		i ncwa ncwa		sour corn meal
		i ngcosi		a bit
Hadza language		cinambo		firefly
		cheta		to be happy
		mi nca		to smack one's lips
		ta cce		rope
Khoekhoe		ǀgurub		dry autumn leaves
		ǀnam		to love
		ǀHōǂgaeb		November
		ǀoro ǀoro		to wear out
		ǀkhore		to divine, prophesize

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See also

• Lateral click
• Alveolar click
• Bilabial click
• Palatal click
• Retroflex click
• Index of phonetics articles

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Notes

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External links

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