Temenggong or Tumenggung (Jawi script: تمڠݢوڠ; Temenggung,C.M. Turnbull (1977). 019580354X, Oxford University Press. 019580354X
Responsibilities
The Temenggong is usually responsible for the safety of the monarch (raja or sultan), as well as overseeing the state police and army. A temenggong may also be assigned by his sovereign as a ruler in frontier regions, acting either as a
regent or
viceroy with additional development & military responsibility (comparable to European
Marquess).
However, a Temenggong could usurp power for themselves, as in the case in Johor.
Johor
In the Sultanate of Johor, the Temenggong of Muar held a fief centered in
Segamat for approximately two centuries and the Temenggong of Johor was the head of the fief (Johor mainland) between 1760 and 1868. The full rendition of the Johor Temenggong was
Temenggung Seri Maharaja. Although the Temenggong was the head of the fief's administration, the Temenggong held the Johor Sultanate by virtue of his being a
vassal of the Sultan.
[ In 1868, Temenggong Abu Bakar declared himself a maharaja, assumed control over Muar and declared himself an independent ruler. An Anglophile, in 1885, he assumed the title of Sultan. This was made with the blessing of the United Kingdom, which had hegemonised British Malaya, including Johor, as protectorates.
]
Majapahit
Negarakretagama cantos 10
-
Patih Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister) / the Prime Minister who supervised Rakryan Tumenggung (commander), Rakryan Rangga (commander assistant), Rakryan Kanuruhan (communicator) and Rakryan Demung (regulator the royal household). He ruled as the regulator of the government implementation in all regions of Majapahit, and therefore Sang Panca Ri Wilwatikta was visited by the State authorities and local subordinates for government affairs.
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From the Prime Minister, commands down to wedana (the district officer), the district head.
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From wedana down to akuwu, the head of a group of village.
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From akuwu down to buyut, village elders.
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From buyut down to the villagers
Mataram Sultanate
During the era of Mataram Sultanate, temenggongs were directly appointed by sultan and acted as regional leaders in regions not directly administrated by the court (mostly in coastal regions).
See also
