In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third. Languages may be classified according to the dominant sequence of these elements in unmarked sentences (i.e., sentences in which an unusual word order is not used for emphasis). The label is often used for ergative languages that do not have subjects, but have an agent–verb–object (AVO) order. English is included in this group. An example is " Sam ate oranges."
SVO is the second-most common order by number of known languages, after SOV. Together, SVO and SOV account for more than 75% of the world's languages. It is also the most common order developed in , suggesting that it may be somehow more initially "obvious" to human psychology.Jared Diamond. The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee. p. 143
Languages regarded as SVO include: Albanian, Arabic dialects, Assyrian, Bosnian language, Chinese language, English language, Estonian, Finnish language (but see below), French language, Kiswahili, Luganda, Greek, Hausa language, Icelandic (with the V2 restriction), Igbo language, Italian language, Javanese, Khmer language, Latvian language, Macedonian, Malay language (Malaysian and Indonesian), Modern Hebrew, Norwegian, Polish language, Portuguese, Quiche, Rapa language, Romanian, Russian language (but see below), Slovene language, Spanish language, Swahili language, Swedish language (with the V2 restriction), Thai language and Lao language, Ukrainian (but see below), Vietnamese, Yoruba language and Zulu language.
Ancient Greek has free syntactic order, though Classical Greece tended to favor SOV. Many famous phrases are SVO, however.
Properties
Although some subject–verb–object languages in West Africa, the best known being Ewe language, use in noun phrases, the vast majority of them, such as English, have . Most subject–verb–object languages place genitives after the noun, but a significant minority, including the postpositional SVO languages of West Africa, the Hmong–Mien languages, some Sino-Tibetan languages, and European languages like Swedish, Danish, Lithuanian and Latvian have prenominal genitives Order of Genitive and Noun (as would be expected in an SOV language).
Non-European languages, usually subject–verb–object languages, have a strong tendency to place , and numerals after nouns that they modify, but Chinese, Vietnamese, Malaysian and Indonesian place numerals before nouns, as in English. Some linguists have come to view the numeral as the head in the E relationship to fit the rigid right-branching of these languages.Donohue, Mark; "Word order in Austronesian from north to south and west to east" in Linguistic Typology 11 (2007); p. 379
There is a strong tendency, as in English, for main verbs to be preceded by auxiliaries: I am thinking. He should reconsider.
Sample sentences
- Andy ate cereal.
In some languages, some word orders are considered more "natural" than others. In some, the order is the matter of emphasis. For example, Russian language allows the use of subject–verb–object in any order and "shuffles" parts to bring up a slightly different contextual meaning each time. E.g. "любит она его" (loves she him) may be used to point out "she acts this way because she LOVES him", or "его она любит" (him she loves) is used in the context "if you pay attention, you'll see that HE is the one she truly loves", or "его любит она" (him loves she) may appear along the lines "I agree that cat is a disaster, but since my wife adores it and I adore her...". Regardless of order, it is clear that "его" is the object because it is in the accusative case. In Polish language, SVO order is basic in an affirmative sentence, and a different order is used to either emphasize some part of it or to adapt it to a broader context logic. For example, " Roweru ci nie kupię" (I won't buy you a bicycle), " Od piątej czekam" (I've been waiting since five). Polish, An Essential Grammar by Dana Bielec (Routledge, 2007), p. 272
In Turkish language, it is normal to use SOV, but SVO may be used sometimes to emphasize the verb. For example, "John terketti Mary'yi" (Lit. John/left/Mary: John left Mary) is the answer to the question "What did John do with Mary?" instead of the regular SOV sentence "John Mary'yi terketti" (Lit. John/Mary/left).
In German language, Dutch language, and Kashmiri, SOV with V2 word order in main clauses coexists with SOV in subordinate clauses, as given in Example 1 below; and a change in syntax, such as by bringing an adpositional phrase to the front of the sentence for emphasis, may also dictate the use of VSO, as in Example 2. In Kashmiri, the word order in embedded clauses is conditioned by the category of the subordinating conjunction, as in Example 3.
- "Er weiß daß ich jeden Sonntag das Auto wasche."/"Hij weet dat ik elke zondag de auto was." (German, respectively Dutch: "He knows that I wash the car each Sunday.", lit. "He knows that I each Sunday the car wash".) Cf. the simple sentence "Ich wasche das Auto jeden Sonntag."/ "Ik was de auto elke zondag.", "I wash the car each Sunday."
- "Jeden Sonntag wasche ich das Auto."/"Elke zondag was ik de auto." (German, respectively Dutch: "Each Sunday I wash the car.", lit. "Each Sunday wash I the car."). "Ich wasche das Auto jeden Sonntag."/"Ik was de auto elke zondag." translates perfectly into English "I wash the car each Sunday.", but as a result of changing the syntax, inversion SV->VS takes place.
- "mye ees phyikyir yithi.ni tsi temyis ciThy dyikh" (Kashmiri: "I was afraid you might give him the letter", lit. "to.me was worry lest you to.him letter will.give"). If the embedded clause is introduced by the transparent conjunction zyi the SOV order changes to SVO. "mye ees phyikyir (zyi) tsi maa dyikh temyis ciThy".
English developed from such a reordering language and still bears traces of this word order, for example in locative inversion ("In the garden sat a cat.") and some clauses beginning with negative expressions: "only" ("Only then do we find X."), "not only" ("Not only did he storm away but also slammed the door."), "under no circumstances" ("under no circumstances are the students allowed to use a mobile phone"), "never" ("Never have I done that."), "on no account" and the like. In such cases, Do-support is sometimes required, depending on the construction.
See also
- Subject–object–verb
- Object–subject–verb
- Object–verb–subject
- Verb–object–subject
- Verb–subject–object
- V2 word order
- Subject–verb–object languages
Sources
|
|
