A scherzo (, , ; plural scherzos or scherzi), in western world classical music, is a short composition – sometimes a movement from a larger work such as a symphony or a sonata. The precise definition has varied over the years, but scherzo often refers to a movement that replaces the minuet as the third movement in a four-movement work, such as a symphony, sonata, or string quartet.
Origins
The
Italian language word
scherzo means "
joke" or "jest." More rarely, the similar-meaning word
badinerie (also spelled
battinerie; from
French language, "jesting") has been used. Sometimes the word
scherzando ("joking") is used in
musical notation to indicate that a passage should be executed in a playful manner.
An early use of the word
scherzo in music is in light-hearted
of the early baroque period, which were often called
scherzi musicali, for example:
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Claudio Monteverdi wrote two sets of works with this title, in 1607 and in 1632.
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Antonio Brunelli wrote Scherzi, Arie, Canzonette e Madrigale for voices and instruments in 1616.
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Johann Baptist Schenk wrote Scherzi musicale (fourteen suites for viol and Figured bass).
[Sir Jack Westrup & F. Ll. Harrison, Collins Encyclopedia of Music (1976 revised edition, Chancellor Press, London, ), p. 483]
Later, composers applied the term scherzo (plural scherzos or scherzi) and sometimes badinerie[Boyd, Malcolm. Oxford Composer Companions: J.S. Bach, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 58] to certain instrumental works in fast tempos in duple meter time signature, for example:
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The scherzo of Johann Sebastian Bach's Partita No. 3 for keyboard.
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The best-known "Badinerie" is the final movement of Bach's Orchestral Suite No. 2 in B minor.
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Badineries in French ouvertures by Christoph Graupner and Georg Philipp Telemann.
The scherzo, as most commonly known today, developed from the minuet and trio, and gradually came to replace it as the third (sometimes second) movement in symphony, , , and similar works. It traditionally retains the triple meter time signature and ternary form of the minuet, but is considerably quicker. It is often, but not always, of a light-hearted nature.
The main features include a 6 - 8 bar melody with one beat per bar feel.
Form
The scherzo itself is a rounded
binary form, but, like the minuet, is usually played with the accompanying trio followed by a repeat of the scherzo, creating the ABA or ternary form. This is sometimes done twice or more (ABABA). The "B" theme is a trio, a contrasting section not necessarily for only three instruments, as was often the case with the second minuet of classical suites (the first Brandenburg Concerto has a famous example). In some cases the scherzo is in
sonata form, for example the third movement of Brahms's Fourth Symphony in E Minor.
Appearance/examples in compositions
Scherzos occasionally differ from this traditional structure in various ways.
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Some examples are not in the customary triple meter—for example, the scherzo of Tchaikovsky's Fourth Symphony, which is in time; or the trio section of the scherzo from his Second Symphony which is in time. Another example is Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 18. This example is also unusual in being written in orthodox sonata form rather than the usual ternary form for such a movement, and thus it lacks a trio section. This sonata is also unusual in that the scherzo is followed by a minuet and trio movement—whereas most sonatas have either a scherzo movement or a minuet movement, but not both. Some analysts have attempted to account for these irregularities by analyzing the scherzo as the sonata's slow movement, which is rather fast. That would keep the traditional structure for a four-movement sonata that Beethoven usually followed, especially in the first half of his piano sonatas.
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Joseph Haydn wrote minuets that are close to scherzi in tone — but it was Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert who first used scherzi widely, with Beethoven in particular turning the polite rhythm of the minuet into a much more intense – and sometimes even savage – dance. Although in 1781, Haydn substituted menuets for scherzi in all of his 6 String Quartets, Op. 33.
The scherzo remained a standard movement in the symphony and related forms through the 19th century and beyond. Composers also began to write scherzi as pieces in themselves, stretching the boundaries of the form.
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The first three of Frédéric Chopin's four well-known scherzos for the piano are especially dark, with an intense energy, and hardly come off as jokes. Robert Schumann remarked of them, "How is 'gravity' to clothe itself if 'jest' goes about in dark veils?"
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In a letter, Johannes Brahms referred to the scherzo from his Second Piano Concerto as a "little wisp of a scherzo",
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Other examples; the second movement of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 10, the second (sometimes third) movement of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6, Felix Mendelssohn's composition for A Midsummer Night's Dream between act 1 and 2, and in several of Anton Bruckner's symphonies.
In present-day compositions, the scherzo has also made appearances.
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Australian composer Julian Cochran wrote extensively for the form, with four scherzi for piano and two grand scherzi for symphony orchestra.
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of John Williams' film score for (2015) includes a track titled "Scherzo for X-Wings"
External links
