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The saxhorn is a family of valved that have conical bores and deep cup-shaped mouthpieces. The saxhorn family was developed by Adolphe Sax, who is also known for creating the saxophone family. The sound of the saxhorn has a characteristic mellow tone quality and blends well with other brass.
Modern saxhorns still manufactured and in use:
Historically, much confusion exists as to the nomenclature of the various instruments in different languages.
The following table lists the members of the saxhorn family as described in the orchestration texts of Hector Berlioz and Cecil Forsyth, the J. Howard Foote catalog of 1893, and modern names. The modern instrument names continue to exhibit inconsistency, denoted by a "/" between the two names in use. In the table "Pitch" means the concert pitch of notational Middle C on each instrument (2nd partial, no valves depressed) in scientific pitch notation.
| --- | Sopranino in C/B | --- | C5/B4 | ||
| Soprano in E | Sopranino in E | Sopranino/Soprano in E | --- | E4 | |
| Alto in B | Soprano in B | Soprano/Alto in B | flugelhorn | B3 | |
| Alto in E | Tenor in E | Alto in E | Alto/Tenor in E | alto/tenor horn | E3 |
| Tenor in B | Baritone in B | Tenor in B | Tenor/Baritone in B | baritone horn | B2 |
| Baritone in B | Bass in B | Bass in B | Baritone/Bass in B | euphonium | |
| Bass in E | Contrabass in E | Bass in E | Bass in E | E bass tuba | E2 |
| --- | Contrabass in B | Contrabass in B | Contrabass in B | BB contrabass tuba | B1 |
| Contrabass in E | Contrabass in low E | --- | E1 | ||
| --- | Bourdon in B | B0 | |||
This list is not exhaustive of historic nomenclature for the saxhorns, for which there may exist no comprehensive and authoritative source.
All the modern members of the family are transposing instruments written in the treble clef with the root note produced by the second partial with no valves actuated being written as middle C, though the baritone horn often plays bass clef parts, especially in concert band music and when playing parts written for the trombone.
Throughout the mid-1850s, Sax continued to experiment with the instrument's valve pattern.
The Trojan March ( Marche Troyenne) of the Berlioz opera Les Troyens (185658) features an on-stage band which includes a family of saxhorns. The Royal Hunt and Storm ( Chasse Royale) from the same opera uses them orchestrally. Sir John Eliot Gardiner wanted to use them in his 2003 recording, but was unable to borrow them from major ; he was eventually put in touch with a private collector who loaned him a set.
Saxhorns were popularized by the distinguished Distin Quintet, who toured Europe during the mid-19th century. This family of musicians, publishers and instrument manufacturers had a significant impact on the growth of the brass band movement in Britain during the mid- to late-19th century.
The saxhorn was the most common brass instrument in American Civil War bands. The over-the-shoulder variety of the instrument was used, as the backward-pointing bell of the instrument allowed troops marching behind the band to hear the music.
Contemporary works featuring this instrument are Désiré Dondeyne's Tubissimo for bass tuba or saxhorn and piano (1983), Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (1964), and Dmitri Shostakovich's "March of the Soviet Militia" (1970).
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