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Salp
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A salp (: salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) or salpa (: salpae or salpas; Peter Forsskål, in introducing the genus Salpa from waters off (1763, publication 1775), gave no derivation for his word; the English salp first appeared in 1835 ( , "salp")) is a barrel-shaped, in the family Salpidae. The salp moves by contracting its gelatinous body in order to pump water through it; it is one of the most efficient examples of in the animal kingdom. The salp feeds on , which it collects by straining water through its internal feeding filters.

Distribution
Salps are common in , temperate, and cold seas, where they can be seen at the surface, singly or in long, stringy colonies. The most abundant concentrations of salps are in the (near ), where they sometimes form enormous swarms, often in deep water, and are sometimes even more abundant than . Since 1910, while krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined, salp populations appear to be increasing. Salps have been seen in increasing numbers along the coast of Washington, United States.

Life cycle
Salps have a complex life cycle, with an obligatory alternation of generations. Both portions of the life cycle exist together in the seas—they look quite different, but both are mostly transparent, tubular, gelatinous animals that are typically between long. The life history phase, also known as an , is a single, barrel-shaped animal that reproduces asexually by producing a chain of tens to hundreds of individuals, which are released from the parent at a small size.

The chain of salps is the 'aggregate' portion of the life cycle. The aggregate individuals are also known as ; they remain attached together while swimming and feeding, and each individual grows in size. Each blastozooid in the chain reproduces sexually (the blastozooids are sequential , first maturing as females, and are fertilized by male gametes produced by older chains), with a growing embryo oozooid attached to the body wall of the parent. The growing oozooids are eventually released from the parent blastozooids, and then continue to feed and grow as the solitary asexual phase, closing the life cycle of salps. The alternation of generations allows for a fast generation time, with both solitary individuals and aggregate chains living and feeding together in the sea. When phytoplankton is abundant, this rapid reproduction leads to fairly short-lived blooms of salps, which eventually filter out most of the phytoplankton. The bloom ends when enough food is no longer available to sustain the enormous population of salps. Occasionally, and those of the genus are known to feed on salps during blooms.

History
The incursion of a large number of salps ( ) into the in 1920 led to a failure of the Scottish herring fishery.Scottish Fisheries During the War in

Oceanographic importance
A reason for the success of salps is how they respond to . When food is plentiful, salps can quickly bud off , which graze on the phytoplankton and can grow at a rate which is probably faster than that of any other animal, quickly stripping the phytoplankton from the sea. But if the phytoplankton is too dense, the salps can clog and sink to the bottom. During these blooms, beaches can become slimy with mats of salp bodies, and other species can experience fluctuations in their numbers due to competition with the salps.

Sinking pellets and bodies of salps carry to the seafloor, and salps are abundant enough to have an effect on the ocean's . Consequently, large changes in their abundance or distribution may alter the ocean's , and potentially play a role in .

Nervous systems and relationships to other animals
Salps are closely related to the pelagic tunicate groups and , as well as to other bottom-living (benthic) .

Although salps appear similar to because of their simple body form and planktonic behavior, they are : animals with dorsal nerve cords, related to (animals with ).

Small fish swim inside salps as protection from predators.

Classification
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following and in the order Salpida:

  • Order Salpida
    • Family Salpidae
      • Subfamily Cyclosalpinae
        • Genus de Blainville, 1827 Cyclosalpa de Blainville, 1827 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • Cyclosalpa affinis (Chamisso, 1819)
          • Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905
          • Cyclosalpa foxtoni Van Soest, 1974
          • van Soest, 1974
          • Cyclosalpa pinnata (Forskål, 1775)
          • Sigl, 1912
          • Cyclosalpa quadriluminis Berner, 1955
          • Cyclosalpa sewelli Metcalf, 1927
          • Cyclosalpa strongylenteron Berner, 1955
        • Genus Todaro, 1902 Helicosalpa Todaro, 1902 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • Helicosalpa komaii (Ihle & Ihle-Landenberg, 1936)
          • Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)
          • Helicosalpa younti Kashkina, 1973
      • Subfamily Salpinae
        • Genus Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
        • Genus Metcalf, 1919 Ihlea World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
        • Genus Metcalfina World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • Metcalfina hexagona (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
        • Genus Savigny, 1816 Pegea World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • (Quoy & Gaimard, 1826)
          • Pegea confederata (Forsskål, 1775)
        • Genus Metcalf, 1919 Ritteriella World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-9-17.
          • Ritteriella amboinensis (Apstein, 1904)
          • Ritteriella picteti (Apstein, 1904)
          • Ritteriella retracta (Ritter, 1906)
        • Genus Salpa Forskål, 1775 Salpa World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
        • Genus (also accepted as Iasis) Soestia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
        • Genus Thalia Thalia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • van Soest, 1973
          • Thalia democratica Forskål, 1775
          • Thalia longicauda Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
          • Thalia orientalis Tokioka, 1937
          • Thalia rhinoceros Van Soest, 1975
          • Thalia rhomboides Quoy & Gaimard, 1824
          • Van Soest, 1973
        • Genus Tilesius, 1802 Thetys de Blainville, 1827 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
        • Genus Traustedtia World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • Traustedtia multitentaculata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
        • Genus Yount, 1954 Weelia Yount, 1954 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
          • Weelia cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804)

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