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Phoresis or phoresy is a temporary Commensalism relationship when an organism (a phoront or phoretic) attaches itself to a host organism solely for travel. It has been seen in tick and mite since the 18th century, and in fossils 320 million years old. It is not restricted to or ; with seeds that disperse by attaching themselves to animals are also considered to be phoretic.
Phoresis is rooted in the Greek words phoras (bearing) and phor (thief). The term, originally defined in 1896 as a relationship in which the host acts as a vehicle for its passenger, clashed with other terminology being developed at the time, so constraints on the length of time, feeding, and ontogeny are now considered. Phoresis is used as a strategy for dispersal, seasonal migration, transport to new host/habitat, escaping ephemeral habitats, and reducing inbreeding depression. In addition to the benefits afforded to individuals and species, its presence can add to the ecological diversity and complexity of an ecosystem.
Cases in which the phoront parasitism or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behaviour and the feeding or parasitizing behaviour are separate. Similarly, some prey upon the same species that act as their phoretic host. The behaviours are completely separate however, since the pseudoscorpion utilizes anatomical features used specifically for predation when treating the host as prey, but employs anatomical features used for phoresis when travelling.
Larvae of the blister beetle ( Meloe franciscanus) need to find the nests of their host, the solitary bee ( Habropoda pallida), to continue their life cycle. The larvae gather in colonies, and emit chemicals that mimic the of the female solitary bee . Larvae attach to the attracted males when they visit the false source of pheromones, and then subsequently to any female the male mates with. The blister beetle larvae then infest and parasitize the female bee’s nest.
Some species of Bromeliad treefrog ( Scinax littoreus and Scinax perpusillus) carry ( Elpidium sp.), which in turn carry ( Lagenophryidae sp.) from one Bromeliaceae plant to another. The plants act as ecological islands to the ostracods, and phoresis allows them to disperse over a wider area than would be available to them otherwise. The term for a phoretic organism riding on another phoretic organism is hyperphoresis. Some in the clade Astigmatina have a stage of their life cycle (the deutonymph or hypopus) that is modified specifically for phoresis. This stage has reduced mouthparts, a well-sclerotised body that resists desiccation, and usually a posteroventral organ for attaching to the host animal (which may be an invertebrate or a vertebrate). Astigmatans often live in patchy and ephemeral habitats such as fungal fruiting bodies, dung, carrion, animal nests, tree sap flows and decaying wood. Phoresis allows these mites to quickly leave a depleted habitat and travel to a new one. A specific example is deutonymphs of Lardoglyphus dispersing on beetles in the genus Dermestes to reach new habitats (both phoront and host feed on animal materials).
A specialist mite ( Parasitellus fucorum) that parasitizes bumble bees ( Bumblebee spp.) avoids inbreeding depression in a single hive, and remains genetically independent of any specific host lineage by travelling to a new hive. This is accomplished by travelling on a foraging bee to a flower and detaching, and waiting for and attaching to another bee which may be from another hive, and infesting the new hive. These mites can survive on flowers for up to 24 hours, and have shown a preference for opened flowers, where they would be most likely to find a host. Dung and carrion are ephemeral habitats that are frequently visited by beetles (, ). Phoretic (Rhabditoides) and (e.g. genera Macrocheles, Poecilochirus, Uroobovella) use the beetles to reach these rich resources, where they themselves reproduce.
The pseudoscorpion Cordylochernes scorpioides is frequently found riding ( Acrocinus longimanus). Initially, there were a number of alternate hypothesis for why the were found on the beetles: by accident, to forage for mites inhabiting the beetle, or as an obligate parasite. Evidence suggested, however, that the pseudoscorpions were using beetles to travel from tree to tree, where they preyed upon other beetle larvae.
If their host dies, Louse can opportunistically use phoresis to hitch a ride on a fly, and attempt to find a new host.
The largest mammalian example of phoresis is human beings directly riding on or other animals, or using them to pull vehicles with humans in them.
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