Product Code Database
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kilogram and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.
The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix ( kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3 kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106 g), not a * kilokilogram.
The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram ( Mg), or 103 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram ( Gg) or 109 g is 103 tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.
For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass-equivalent of an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the Solar mass ().
!Factor (kilogram) !Value !Item | ||
| 10−67 | 1.07 kg | Graviton, upper bound (6 eV/ c2) |
| 10−40 | 4.2 kg | Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/ c2) |
| 10−36 | 1.8 kg | 1 eV/ c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt |
| 3.6 kg | Neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/ c2) "The most sensitive analysis on the neutrino mass ... is compatible with a neutrino mass of zero. Considering its uncertainties this value corresponds to an upper limit on the electron neutrino mass of m<2.2 eV/c2 (95% Confidence Level)" The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment | |
| 10−33 quectogram (qg) | ||
| 10−31 | 9.11 kg | Electron (511 keV/ c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass |
| 10−30 rontogram (rg) | 3.0–5.5 kg | Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/ c2) |
| 10−28 | 1.9 kg | Muon (106 MeV/ c2) |
| 10−27 yoctogram (yg) | 1.661 kg | Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u) |
| 1.673 kg | Proton (938.3 MeV/ c2) | |
| 1.674 kg | Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom | |
| 1.675 kg | Neutron (939.6 MeV/ c2) | |
| 10−26 | 1.2 kg | Lithium atom (6.941 Da) |
| 3.0 kg | Water molecule (18.015 Da) | |
| 8.0 kg | Titanium atom (47.867 Da) | |
| 10−25 | 1.1 kg | Copper atom (63.546 Da) |
| 1.6 kg | Z boson (91.2 GeV/ c2) | |
| 2.2 kg | Higgs boson (125 GeV/ c2) | |
| 3.1 kg | Top quark (173 GeV/ c2), the heaviest known elementary particle | |
| 3.2 kg | Caffeine molecule (194 Da) | |
| 3.5 kg | Lead-208 atom | |
| 4.9 kg | Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide |
| 10−24 zeptogram (zg) | 1.2 kg | Buckyball molecule (720 Da) |
| 10−23 | 1.4 kg | Ubiquitin, a small ubiquitous protein (8.6 kDa) |
| 5.5 kg | A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 ≈ 33 kDa) | |
| 10−22 | 1.1 kg | Hemoglobin molecule in blood (64.5 kDa) |
| 10−21 attogram (ag) | 1.65 kg | Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 (995 kDa)From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a single DNA molecule [2]. Retrieved 2010-10-14 |
| 4.3 kg | Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa) | |
| 7.1 kg | Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa) | |
| 7.6 kg | Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa) | |
| 10−20 | 3 kg | Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa) |
| 6.8 kg | Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa) | |
| 10−19 | 1.1 kg | Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa) |
| 2.5 kg | Human adenovirus (150 MDa) |
| 10−18 femtogram (fg) | 1 kg | HIV virusCalculated : volume = 4/3 × π × (126e−9 m / 2)3 = 1.05e−21 m3. Assume density = 1 g/cm3 => mass = 1.05e−21 m3 × 1e3 kg/m3 = 1.05e−18 kg |
| 4.7 kg | DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the Escherichia coli genome | |
| 10−17 | ~1 kg | Vaccinia virus, a large virus |
| 1.1 kg | Mass equivalent of 1 joule | |
| 10−16 | 3 kg | Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful) photosynthetic organism on Earth |
| 10−15 picogram (pg) | 1 kg | Escherichia coli bacterium (wet weight) |
| 6 kg | DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate) | |
| 10−14 | 2.2 kg | Human sperm cellM. R. Curry, J. D. Millar, S. M. Tamuli & P. F. Watson, "," Biology of Reproduction, 55, 6 (1996‑12‑01): 1325–32. |
| 6 kg | Yeast cell (quite variable) | |
| 10−13 | 1.5 kg | Dunaliella salina, a green algae (dry weight) |
| 10−6 milligram (mg) | 2.5 kg | , common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams), grain of salt or sand, medicines are typically expressed in milligrams |
| 10−5 centigram (cg) | 1.1 kg | Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)Quartz has a density of 2.65. Mass = Volume × Density = (4/3 × π × (1e−3 m)3) × (2.65 × 1e3 kg/m3) = 1.1e−5 kg. |
| 2 kg | Adult housefly ( Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams) | |
| 10−4 decigram (dg) | 0.27–2.0 kg | Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams) |
| 1.5 kg | A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams) | |
| 2 kg | Metric carat (200 milligrams) | |
| 10−3 gram (g) | 1 kg | One millilitre of water (1 gram) |
| 1 kg | US dollar bill (1 gram) | |
| ~1 kg | Two (approximately 1 gram) | |
| ~8 kg | Coins of one Euro coins (7.5 grams), one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams) and one Canadian loonie (7 grams pre-2012, 6.27 grams 2012-) | |
| 10−2 decagram (dag) | 1.2 kg | Mass of one mole (6.02214 atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams) |
| 1.37 kg | Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams) | |
| 2–4 kg | Adult mouse ( Mus musculus, 20–40 grams) | |
| 2.8 kg | Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams) | |
| 4.7 kg | Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalentCalculated: 1e6 tons of TNT-equivalent × 4.184e9 J/ton of TNT-equivalent × 1.1e−17 kg of mass-equivalent/J = 4.7e−2 kg of mass-equivalent | |
| 10−1 hectogram (hg) | 0.1-0.2 kg | An Orange fruit (100–200 grams) |
| 0.142-0.149 kg | A baseball used in the major league.Christina Lee, "Mass of a Baseball", The Physics Factbook, 1999. Retrieved 2018-07-04 | |
| 0.454 kg | Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams) |
| 1 kg kilogram (kg) | 1 kg | One litre (0.001 m3) of water |
| 1–3 kg | Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua) | |
| 1–3 kg | Typical laptop computer, 2010 | |
| 1–3 kg | Adult domestic tortoise | |
| 2.5–4 kg | Newborn human baby | |
| 4.0 kg | Women's shot put | |
| 4–5 kg | cat | |
| 7.26 kg | Men's shot put | |
| 101 | 9–27 kg | Medium-sized dog |
| 10–30 kg | A cathode-ray tube computer computer display or television set | |
| 50 kg | Large dog breed (Great Dane) | |
| 70 kg | Adult human | |
| 102 | 130–180 kg | Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg) |
| 200–250 kg | Giant tortoise | |
| 240–450 kg | Grand pianoCalculated: 540 lbs × 0.4536 kg/lb = 240 kg. 990 lb × 0.4536 kg/lb = 450 kg. | |
| 400–900 kg | Dairy cattle | |
| 500–500,000 kg | A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)Using the quoted density of 1e5 to 1e8 kg/m3 for white dwarf material, 1 teaspoon = 5mL = 5e−3 m3 has a calculated mass of: Low end: 5e−3 m3 × 1e5 kg/m3 = 5e2 kg High end: 5e−3 m3 × 1e8 kg/m3 = 5e5 kg | |
| 635 kg | Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch) | |
| 907.2 kg | 1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.) | |
| 103 megagram (Mg) | 1000 kg | 1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton) |
| 1000 kg | 1 cubic metre of water | |
| 1016.05 kg | Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.) | |
| 1300–1600 kg | Typical passenger | |
| 2700–6000 kg | Adult elephant (1994). 9780856610882, T & A D Poyser. ISBN 9780856610882 | |
| 104 | 1.1 kg | Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes) |
| 1.2 kg | Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes) | |
| 1.4 kg | Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes) | |
| 2.7 kg | ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes) | |
| 4 kg | Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the European Union (40–44 tonnes) | |
| 5–6 kg | Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes) | |
| 6.0 kg | Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes) | |
| 7.3 kg | Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes) | |
| 105 | 1.74-1.83 kg | Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300 |
| 1.8 kg | Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes) | |
| 4.2 kg | International Space Station (417 tonnes) | |
| 6 kg | World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes) |
| 106 gigagram (Gg) | 1 kg | Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes) |
| 2.0 kg | Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes) | |
| 6 kg | Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes) | |
| 7.8 kg | Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight) | |
| 107 | 1 kg | Annual production of Darjeeling tea |
| 5.2 kg | RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes) | |
| 9.97 kg | Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes) | |
| 108 | 6.6 kg | Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes) |
| 7 kg | Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania | |
| 109 Megatonne (Tg) | 4.3 kg | Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second |
| 6 kg | Great Pyramid of Giza | |
1010 | 6 kg | Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure |
| 1011 | ~1 kg | The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe |
| 2 kg | Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3) | |
| 6 kg | Total mass of the world's human population | |
| 5 kg | Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass |
| 1012 petagram (Pg) | 0.8–2.1 kg | Global biomass of fish |
| 4 kg | Global annual human food production | |
| 4 kg | World crude Petroleum production in 2009 (3,843 Mt) | |
| 5.5 kg | A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)The average density of material in a neutron star of radius 10 km is . Therefore, 5 ml of such material is , or 5 500 000 000 t. This is about 15 times the total mass of the human world population. Alternatively, 5 ml from a neutron star of radius 20 km radius (average density ) has a mass of about 400 Mt, or about the mass of all humans. | |
| 1013 | 1 kg | Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko |
| 4 kg | Global annual human carbon dioxide emission | |
| 1014 | 1.05 kg | Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth |
| 7.2 kg | Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere | |
| 1015 exagram (Eg) | 2.0 kg | Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere |
| 3.5 kg | Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide | |
| 1016 | 1 kg | 951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate) |
| 2.9–3.7 kg | The asteroid belt | |
| 4 kg | Haumea | |
| 1022 | 1.3 kg | Pluto |
| 2.1 kg | Triton, largest moon of Neptune | |
| 7.3 kg | Earth's Moon | |
| 1023 | 1.3 kg | Titan, largest moon of Saturn |
| 1.5 kg | Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter | |
| 3.3 kg | Mercury | |
| 6.4 kg | Mars |
| 1024 ronnagram (Rg) | 4.9 kg | Venus |
| 6.0 kg | Earth | |
| 1025 | 3 kg | Oort cloud |
| 8.7 kg | Uranus | |
| 1026 | 1.0 kg | Neptune |
| 5.7 kg | Saturn | |
| 1027 quettagram (Qg) | 1.9 kg | Jupiter |
| 1028 | 2–14 kg | (approximate) |
| 1029 | 3 kg | Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf |
| 1030 | 2 kg | The Sun (one solar mass or = 1.989 kg) |
| 2.8 kg | Chandrasekhar limit ()p. 55, How A Supernova Explodes, Hans A. Bethe and Gerald Brown, pp. 51–62 in Formation And Evolution of Black Holes in the Galaxy: Selected Papers with Commentary, Hans Albrecht Bethe, Gerald Edward Brown, and Chang-Hwan Lee, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific: 2003. . | |
| 1031 | 4 kg | Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star ()Kaler, Jim. "Betelgeuse" (2008). Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2009-02-08. |
| 1032 | 4–7 kg | R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 ) |
| 6–8 kg | Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 ) The Astrophysics Spectator: Open Star Clusters. Retrieved 2008-09-15 | |
| 1033 | 1.6 kg | Pleiades star cluster () |
| 1034 | ||
| 1035 | ~1035 kg | Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3 to 4 ) |
| 2 kg | Low end of mass range for giant (1 to 1 ) | |
| 7.3 kg | Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 Kelvin and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter; possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex |
| 1036 | 1.79 kg | The entire Carina Nebula. |
| 2.4 kg | The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun () | |
| 7–8 kg | The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* () | |
| 8 kg | Omega Centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars. | |
| 1037 | ||
| 1038 | ||
| 1039 | ||
| 1040 | ||
| 1041 | 1.98 kg | Phoenix A, the largest supermassive black hole, weighing 100 billion () |
| 4 kg | Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy |
| 1042 | 1.2 kg | Milky Way galaxy () |
| 2–3 kg | Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way () | |
| 1043 | 5.37 kg
/ref> | |
| 1044 | ||
| 1045 | 1–2 kg | Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group () |
| 1046 | ||
| 1047 | 2 kg | Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster |
| 1048 | 2 kg | Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster. |
| 1049 | 4 kg | Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe |
| 1050 | ||
| 1051 | ||
| 1052 | 4.4506 kg | Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA |
| 1.4 kg | Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory |
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