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A joint lock is a grappling technique involving manipulation of an opponent's in such a way that the joints reach their maximal degree of motion and hyperextension.
In judō these are referred to as (関節技, "joint locking technique"Ohlenkamp, Neil. Classification of Techniques in Kodokan Judo. judoinfo.com. Accessed February 26, 2006.) and in Chinese martial arts as Chin Na, which literally means "catching and locking". In Korea these are referred to as (관절기, joint skill) or (관절꺾기, joint breaking).
Joint locks typically involve isolating a particular joint, it in an attempt to force the joint to move past its normal range of motion. Joint locks generate varying degrees of pain in the joints and, if applied forcefully and/or suddenly, may cause injury, such as muscle, tendon and ligament damage and even dislocation or bone fracture.
In judo, the combining of standing locks with throws is forbidden due to the risk of physical harm to the falling opponent, while Brazilian jiu-jitsu, jujutsu, taijutsu, aikido, sambo, and hapkido allow their use.
Common martial arts featuring joint locks include Aikido, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Catch Wrestling, Eskrima, Eagle Claw, Fu Jow Pai, Hapkido, Hung Gar, Jujutsu, Judo, Sambo, Ninjutsu, Shoot wrestling, and mixed martial arts. They are usually practiced in a maximally safe manner, with controlled movements, and releasing the joint lock once it is apparent that it has been effectively applied. In combat sports, joint locks are used as submission holds, and are intended to force the opponent to submit; the lock will be controlled and held until an opponent submits or a referee recognizes the threat of injury and intervenes. The types of joint locks allowed in competitions featuring them varies according to the perceived danger in their application. are generally considered safer, while small joint manipulation and spinal locks are banned in nearly all combat sports.
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