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Imprisonment or incarceration is the restraint of a person's liberty for any cause whatsoever, whether by authority of the government, or by a person acting without such authority. In the latter case it is considered "false imprisonment". Imprisonment does not necessarily imply a place of confinement with bolts and bars, but may be exercised by any use or display of force (such as placing one in handcuffs), lawfully or unlawfully, wherever displayed, even in the open street. People become prisoners, wherever they may be, by the mere word or touch of a duly authorized officer directed to that end. Usually, however, imprisonment is understood to imply actual confinement against one's will in a prison employed for the purpose according to the provisions of the law."Imprisonment". The New International Encyclopedia. Second Edition. Dodd, Mead and Company. New York. 1915. Volume XII. Page 35. Generally gender imbalances occur in imprisonment rates, with incarceration of males proportionately more likely than incarceration of females.Codd, Helen (Winter 2013). "WOMEN AND IMPRISONMENT". Wagadu, Journal of Transnational Women's and Gender Studies. 11.
Although reforms have targeted conditions of imprisonment on human rights grounds, imprisonment itself and the length of sentences has largely escaped scrutiny on human rights grounds despite similar evidence for its harm compared to recognized forms of ill-treatment and torture. Prison abolition is a growing movement but has not become a mainstream position, despite the criticism of mass incarceration in the United States and the defund the police movement.
Imprisonment without lawful cause is a tort called false imprisonment.Clerk and Lindsell on Torts. Sweet and Maxwell. Sixteenth Edition. 1989. Paragraph 17-15 at page 972. In England and Wales, a much larger proportion of the black population is imprisoned than of the white.
Released prisoners may suffer from issues including psychiatric disorders, criminalized behaviours and access to basic needs. Some criminals, particularly criminals convicted of serious crimes (Felony or indictable offenses,) are given restrictions after release, including bans from buying firearms or jury duty exclusion. Post release resources may be provided by the authorities. Various factors have been investigated as to their influence on post-release recidivism, such as family and other relationships, employment, housing and ability to quit drug use.
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