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Gentiana ()

(1995). 9780376038500, Sunset Publishing Corp.. .
is a of belonging to the gentian family (), the tribe Gentianeae, and the subtribe Gentianinae. With over 300 , it is considered a large genus. Gentians are notable for their mostly large trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue .
(2025). 9781405332965, Dorling Kindersley.

The genus name is a tribute to , an king who may have discovered in gentians.

(2025). 9780520006065, University of California. .

Habitat
This is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in habitats in regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwestern Africa, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. They are annual, biennial, and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.

Many gentians are difficult to grow outside their wild habitat, but several species are available in cultivation. Gentians are fully hardy and can grow in full sun or partial shade. They grow in well-drained, neutral-to-acid soils rich in . They are popular in .

Uses
Many beverages are made with gentian root. is used to produce gentian, a distilled beverage produced in the and in the . Some species are harvested for the manufacture of apéritifs, , and .

Gentian root is a common beverage flavouring for . The contains gentian root. The French apéritif Suze is made with gentian. contain gentian root for bitter flavoring. It is an ingredient in the Italian liqueur . It is also used as the main flavor in the German after-dinner digestif called , and the main ingredient in Angostura bitters and Peychaud's Bitters.

Https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gentiopicrin< /ref> a . A 2007 paper by a Japanese group identified 23 compounds in fresh gentian root.The chemical constituents of fresh Gentian Root, Hidehiro Ando, Yasuaki Hirai, Mikio Fujii, Yumiko Hori, Motonori Fukumura, Yujiro Niiho, Yoshijiro Nakajima, Toshiro Shibata, Kazuo Toriizuka, Yoshiteru Ida. Journal of Natural Medicines. July 2007, Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 269–279. Gentiopicrin was absent from the fresh root, so it possibly developed during drying and storage of the root.

Gentian has had limited use in perfumery, most notably as a glycerine soap (Crabtree & Evelyn) and a perfume (Corday's Possession, 1937).

The young plant and old leaves of at least one species, , are edible when cooked and have historically been used as a famine food when other food sources were scarce.

(1984). 9783874292160, Koeltz Scientific Books.

Pharmacological uses
Great yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea) is used in for digestive problems, fever, , , , wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and , although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a with regard to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children. Gentian has been shown to manage by eliciting responses that increase vascular resistance and reduce the workload of the heart during digestion.

Gentiana punctata leaves and roots have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver, and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout.

Gentiana purpurea, Gentiana punctata, and Gentiana pannonica are used to produce , traditionally used as a digestive aid. In Ayurvedic medicine the endangered Indian gentian has been used as a medical herb, but has been replaced with the Himalayan plant Picrorhiza kurroa, or Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora from traditional Chinese medicine.

Symbolism
The gentian flower was used as the emblem of the , one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the and went on to establish the first Shogunate in the aftermath of the . It is the official flower (called ) of the German-speaking community of Belgium.

Species
General
Gentians have oppositely arranged leaves, sometimes in a basal rosette. The trumpet-shaped are usually deep blue or azure but can be white, cream, yellow, or red. Many species are polymorphic concerning flower color, bearing flowers of different colors. Blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the , where is probably more often favored by natural selection. White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. Most flowers are pentamerous, with five lobes in the corolla and five . A few species have four to seven flower parts. The corolla has folds called plicae between the lobes. The is short or absent. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.

List of accepted species
The following species are recognised in the genus Gentiana:

  • – stemless gentian
  • – pleated gentian
  • – pleated gentian
  • Gentiana albescens
  • Gentiana albicalyx
  • – whitish gentian
  • – alpine gentian
  • Gentiana alsinoides
  • Gentiana altigena
  • Gentiana × ambigua
  • Gentiana amplicrater
  • Gentiana andrewsii – closed bottle gentian
  • Gentiana angustifolia
  • Gentiana anisostemon
  • Gentiana aquatica
  • Gentiana arenicola
  • Gentiana arethusae
  • Gentiana argentea
  • Gentiana arisanensis
  • Gentiana aristata
  • Gentiana asclepiadea – willow gentian
  • Gentiana asterocalyx
  • Gentiana atlantica
  • Gentiana atuntsiensis
  • Gentiana austromontana – Appalachian gentian
  • Gentiana autumnalis – pinebarren gentian
  • Gentiana baeuerlenii - N.S.W
  • Gentiana bambuseti
  • Gentiana bavarica – Bavarian gentian
  • Gentiana beamanii
  • Gentiana bicentenaria
  • Gentiana bicuspidata
  • Gentiana × billingtonii
  • Gentiana boissieri
  • Gentiana bokorensis
  • Gentiana bolavenensis
  • Gentiana borneensis
  • Gentiana brachyphylla
  • Gentiana bredboensis - N.S.W
  • Gentiana bryoides
  • Gentiana cachemirica
  • Gentiana caelestis
  • Gentiana caeruleogrisea
  • Gentiana caliculata
  • Gentiana calycosa – Rainier pleated gentian
  • Gentiana capitata
  • Gentiana carinata
  • Gentiana carinicostata
  • Gentiana catesbaei – Elliott's gentian
  • Gentiana cephalantha
  • Gentiana cephalodes
  • Gentiana × charpentieri
  • Gentiana chinensis
  • Gentiana choanantha
  • Gentiana chungtienensis
  • – bottled gentian
  • – trumpet gentian
  • Gentiana confertifolia
  • Gentiana coronata
  • Gentiana crassicaulis
  • Gentiana crassula
  • Gentiana crassuloides
  • Gentiana cristata
  • Gentiana cruciata – cross gentian
  • Gentiana cruttwellii
  • Gentiana cuneibarba
  • Gentiana × curtisii
  • Gentiana dahurica
  • Gentiana decemfida
  • – showy gentian
  • Gentiana decumbens
  • Gentiana delavayi
  • Gentiana deltoidea
  • Gentiana dendrologi
  • Gentiana densiflora
  • Gentiana depressa
  • Gentiana × digenea
  • Gentiana divaricata
  • Gentiana diversifolia
  • Gentiana douglasiana – swamp gentian
  • Gentiana dschungarica
  • Gentiana dshimilensis
  • Gentiana duclouxii
  • Gentiana durangensis
  • Gentiana ecaudata
  • Gentiana elmeriana
  • Gentiana ettingshausenii
  • Gentiana faucipilosa
  • Gentiana fieldiana
  • Gentiana filistyla
  • Gentiana flavomaculata
  • Gentiana flexicaulis
  • Gentiana forrestii
  • Gentiana franchetiana
  • Gentiana fremontii – moss gentian
  • Gentiana froelichii – Karawanken gentian
  • Gentiana futtereri
  • Gentiana × gaudiniana
  • Gentiana gilvostriata
  • – pale gentian
  • Gentiana grandiflora
  • Gentiana × grandilacustris
  • Gentiana × grisebachiana
  • Gentiana gyirongensis
  • Gentiana handeliana
  • Gentiana haraldi-smithii
  • Gentiana harrowiana
  • Gentiana haynaldii
  • Gentiana heleonastes
  • Gentiana helophila
  • Gentiana hesseliana
  • Gentiana hexaphylla
  • Gentiana himalayensis
  • Gentiana hohoxiliensis
  • Gentiana hsinganica
  • Gentiana × hybrida
  • Gentiana intricata
  • Gentiana jarmilae
  • Gentiana jingdongensis
  • Gentiana kaohsiungensis
  • Gentiana kauffmanniana
  • Gentiana khammouanensis
  • Gentiana kirilowii
  • Gentiana kurumbae
  • Gentiana lacerulata
  • Gentiana laciniata
  • Gentiana × laengstii
  • Gentiana laevigata
  • Gentiana lagodechiana
  • Gentiana langbianensis
  • Gentiana lateriflora
  • Gentiana latidens
  • Gentiana lawrencei
  • Gentiana laxiflora
  • Gentiana leroyana
  • Gentiana leucomelaena
  • Gentiana lhassica
  • Gentiana liangshanensis
  • Gentiana licentii
  • Gentiana ligustica
  • Gentiana linearis – narrowleaf gentian
  • Gentiana lineolata
  • Gentiana linoides
  • Gentiana loerzingii
  • Gentiana longicollis
  • Gentiana loureiroi
  • Gentiana lycopodioides
  • Gentiana macgregoryi
  • Gentiana macrophylla – bigleaf gentian
  • Gentiana maeulchanensis
  • Gentiana manshurica
  • Gentiana × marcailhouana
  • Gentiana × marceli-jouseaui
  • Gentiana × media
  • Gentiana meiantha
  • Gentiana melandriifolia
  • Gentiana membranulifera
  • Gentiana micantiformis
  • Gentiana micrantha
  • Gentiana microdonta
  • Gentiana microphyta
  • Gentiana mirandae
  • Gentiana moniliformis
  • Gentiana muscicola
  • Gentiana myrioclada
  • Gentiana namlaensis
  • Gentiana nanobella
  • Gentiana nerterifolia
  • Gentiana newberryi – Newberry's gentian
  • Gentiana nipponica
  • – snow gentian
  • Gentiana nubigena
  • Gentiana nudicaulis
  • Gentiana nyalamensis
  • Gentiana obconica
  • Gentiana occidentalis - Pyrenean trumpoet gentian
  • Gentiana officinalis
  • Gentiana oligophylla
  • Gentiana olivieri
  • Gentiana oreocharis
  • Gentiana oreodoxa
  • Gentiana ovatiloba
  • Gentiana pachyphylla
  • Gentiana × pallidocyanea
  • Gentiana pannonica – brown gentian
  • Gentiana panthaica
  • Gentiana papillosa
  • Gentiana paradoxa
  • – Parry's gentian
  • Gentiana pedicellata
  • Gentiana perpusilla
  • Gentiana phyllocalyx
  • Gentiana piasezkii
  • Gentiana platypetala – broadpetal gentian
  • Gentiana plurisetosa – bristly gentian
  • Gentiana pneumonanthe – marsh gentian
  • Gentiana praeclara
  • Gentiana praticola
  • Gentiana pringlei
  • Gentiana producta
  • Gentiana prostrata – pygmy gentian
  • Gentiana pseudosquarrosa
  • Gentiana puberulenta – downy gentian
  • Gentiana pubigera
  • Gentiana pulvinarum
  • Gentiana punctata – spotted gentian
  • Gentiana purpurea – purple gentian
  • Gentiana pyrenaica
  • Gentiana qiujiangensis
  • Gentiana quadrifaria
  • Gentiana querceticola
  • Gentiana radicans
  • Gentiana recurvata
  • Gentiana rostanii
  • Gentiana rubicunda
  • Gentiana rubricaulis – closed gentian
  • Gentiana sagarmathae
  • Gentiana saginifolia
  • Gentiana saginoides
  • Gentiana saponaria – harvestbells gentian
  • Gentiana sasidharanii
  • Gentiana satsunanensis
  • Gentiana scabrida
  • Gentiana sceptrum – king's scepter gentian
  • Gentiana scytophylla
  • Gentiana sedifolia
  • Gentiana septemfida – crested gentian
  • Gentiana setigera – Mendocino gentian
  • Gentiana shaanxiensis
  • Gentiana sikkimensis
  • Gentiana sikokiana
  • Gentiana simulatrix
  • Gentiana sino-ornata – showy Chinese gentian
  • Gentiana siphonantha
  • Gentiana sirensis
  • Gentiana spathacea
  • Gentiana spathulifolia
  • Gentiana spathulisepala
  • Gentiana springateana
  • Gentiana squarrosa
  • Gentiana stellata
  • Gentiana stellulata
  • Gentiana stipitata
  • Gentiana stragulata
  • Gentiana straminea
  • Gentiana suborbisepala
  • Gentiana subpolytrichoides
  • Gentiana subuliformis
  • Gentiana sumatrana
  • Gentiana susamyrensis
  • Gentiana susanneae
  • Gentiana sutchuenensis
  • Gentiana szechenyii
  • Gentiana taiwanialbiflora
  • Gentiana taiwanica
  • Gentiana takushii
  • Gentiana taliensis
  • Gentiana tarokoensis
  • Gentiana tatsienensis
  • Gentiana terglouensis – Triglav gentian
  • Gentiana ternifolia
  • Gentiana tetraphylla
  • Gentiana tetrasepala
  • Gentiana tetrasticha
  • Gentiana thunbergii
  • Gentiana tibetica
  • Gentiana tongolensis
  • Gentiana tonkinensis
  • Gentiana tornezyana
  • Gentiana trichotoma
  • Gentiana tricolor
  • Gentiana triflora
  • Gentiana tubiflora
  • Gentiana uniflora
  • Gentiana utriculosa – bladder gentian
  • Gentiana vandellioides
  • Gentiana vandewateri
  • Gentiana veitchiorum
  • – spring gentian
  • – striped gentian
  • Gentiana vodopjanovae
  • Gentiana waltonii
  • Gentiana walujewii
  • Gentiana wangchukii
  • Gentiana wasenensis
  • Gentiana wilsonii
  • Gentiana winchuanensis
  • Gentiana wingecarribiensis - N.S.W.
  • Gentiana xanthonannos
  • Gentiana yakushimensis
  • Gentiana yunnanensis
  • Gentiana zekuensis
  • Gentiana zhenxiongensis
  • Gentiana zollingeri

Formerly placed here

  • Gentianopsis crinita (fringed gentian), as Gentiana crinita

Cultivation
Several gentian species may be found in cultivation, and are valued for the unusual intensity of their blue flowers. They have a reputation for being difficult to grow. All require similar conditions – moist, rich, free-draining soil with an acid to neutral pH. They include:

In addition, the following , of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Blue Silk'
  • 'Shot Silk'
  • 'Strathmore'

Further reading

External links
: , , , ,
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