Esophagogastroduodenoscopy ( EGD) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy ( OGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopy procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum. It is considered a minimally invasive procedure since it does not require an incision into one of the major body cavities and does not require any significant recovery after the procedure (unless sedation or anesthesia has been used). However, a sore throat is common.
Alternative names
The words
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD;
American English) and
oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD;
British English; see spelling differences) are pronounced . It is also called
panendoscopy (PES) and
upper GI endoscopy. It is also often called just
upper endoscopy,
upper GI, or even just
endoscopy; because EGD is the most commonly performed type of endoscopy, the ambiguous term
endoscopy is sometimes informally used to refer to EGD by default. The term
gastroscopy literally focuses on the stomach alone, but in practice, the usage overlaps.
Medical uses
Diagnostic
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Unexplained anemia (usually along with a colonoscopy)
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding as evidenced by hematemesis or melena
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Persistent dyspepsia in patients over the age of 45 years
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Heartburn and chronic acid reflux – this can lead to a precancerous lesion called Barrett's esophagus
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Persistent emesis – vomiting
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Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing
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Odynophagia – painful swallowing
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Persistent nausea
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IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases)
Surveillance
Confirmation of diagnosis/biopsy
Therapeutic
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Treatment (banding/sclerotherapy) of esophageal varices
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Injection therapy (e.g., epinephrine in bleeding lesions)
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Cutting off of larger pieces of tissue with a snare device (e.g., polyps, endoscopic mucosal resection)
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Application of cauterization to tissues
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Removal of foreign body (e.g., food) that have been ingested
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Tamponade of bleeding esophageal varices with a balloon
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Application of photodynamic therapy for treatment of esophageal malignancies
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Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst
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Tightening the lower esophageal sphincter
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Dilating or stenting of strictures or achalasia
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Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (feeding tube placement)
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) combines EGD with fluoroscopy
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Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combines EGD with 5–12 MHz ultrasound imaging
Newer interventions
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Endoscopic trans-gastric laparoscopy
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Placement of in bariatric surgery
Complications
The complication rate is about 1 in 1000.
They include:
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aspiration, causing aspiration pneumonia
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bleeding
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perforation
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cardiopulmonary problems
When used in
, the esophagogastroduodenoscope may compress the trachealis muscle, which narrows the
trachea.
This can result in reduced airflow to the
.
Infants may be
Intubation to make sure that the trachea is fixed open.
Limitations
Problems of gastrointestinal
function are usually not well diagnosed by endoscopy since
motion or
secretion of the gastrointestinal tract is not easily inspected by EGD. Nonetheless, findings such as excess fluid or poor motion of the gut during endoscopy can be suggestive of disorders of function. Irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia are not diagnosed with EGD, but EGD may be helpful in excluding other diseases that mimic these common disorders.
Procedure
The tip of the endoscope should be lubricated and checked for critical functions including tip angulations, air and water suction, and image quality.
The patient is kept NPO (nil per os) or NBM (nothing by mouth) for at least 4 hours before the procedure. Most patients tolerate the procedure with only topical anesthesia of the oropharynx using lidocaine spray. However, some patients may need sedation and the very anxious/agitated patient may even need a general anesthetic. Informed consent is obtained before the procedure. The main risks are bleeding and perforation. The risk is increased when a biopsy or other intervention is performed.
The patient lies on their left side with the head resting comfortably on a pillow. A mouth-guard is placed between the teeth to prevent the patient from biting on the endoscope. The endoscope is then passed over the tongue and into the oropharynx. This is the most uncomfortable stage for the patient. Quick and gentle manipulation under vision guides the endoscope into the esophagus. The endoscope is gradually advanced down the esophagus making note of any pathology. Excessive insufflation of the stomach is avoided at this stage. The endoscope is quickly passed through the stomach and through the pylorus to examine the first and second parts of the duodenum. Once this has been completed, the endoscope is withdrawn into the stomach and a more thorough examination is performed including a J-maneuver. This involves retroflexing the tip of the scope so it resembles a 'J' shape in order to examine the fundus and gastroesophageal junction. Any additional procedures are performed at this stage. The air in the stomach is aspirated before removing the endoscope. Still can be made during the procedure and later shown to the patient to help explain any findings.
In its most basic use, the endoscope is used to inspect the internal anatomy of the digestive tract. Often inspection alone is sufficient, but biopsy is a valuable adjunct to endoscopy. Small biopsies can be made with a pincer (biopsy forceps) which is passed through the scope and allows sampling of 1 to 3 mm pieces of tissue under direct vision. The intestinal mucosa heals quickly from such biopsies.
Clinical practice varies with respect to routine biopsy for histological analysis of the examined upper gastrointestinal system. A rapid urease test is quick, easy, and cost-effective screening for Helicobacter pylori infection.
Equipment
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Endoscope
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Non-coaxial optical fiber system to carry light to the tip of the endoscope
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A chip camera at the tip of the endoscope – this has now replaced the coaxial optic fibers of older scopes that were prone to damage and consequent loss of picture quality
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Air/water channel to clean the lens using the water and air channel for drying the lens itself and to insufflate the esophagus and the stomach during the operation to prevent from collapsing the track to better vision in the procedure
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Suction/Working channels – these may be in the form of one or more channels
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Control handle – this houses the controls
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Umbilical Cords that connect to the light source and video processor to supply the endoscope with suction and air pressure and water for (suction and irrigation process) and light to transmit in the body to deliver the video signal to the processor to show the live image on the monitor
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Stack
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Instruments
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Biopsy forceps
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Snares
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Injecting needles
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Chemical agents
Gallery
Image:Duodenal adenocarcinoma.png|Endoscopic image of adenocarcinoma of duodenum seen in the post-bulbar duodenum.
Image:Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia_(before_and_after).png|Endoscopic image of gastric antral vascular ectasia seen as a radial pattern around the pylorus before (top) and after (bottom) treatment with argon plasma coagulation
Image:Barretts esophagus.jpg|Endoscopic image of Barrett's esophagus, which is the area of red mucosa projecting like a tongue.
Image:Deep gastric ulcer.png |Deep peptic ulcer
Image:celiac 3.jpg|Endoscopic still of duodenum of patient with coeliac disease showing scalloping of folds.
Image:MALT 4.jpg|Gastric ulcer in Pyloric antrum of stomach with overlying clot due to gastric lymphoma.
Image:DU 2.jpg |Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage.
Early stomach cancer 2a.jpg|Endoscopic images of an early stage stomach cancer. 0-IIa, tub1. Left column: Normal light. Right column: computed image enhanced (Chromoendoscopy). First row: Normal. Second row: Acetate stained. Third row: Acetate-indigocarmine mixture (AIM) stained.
See also
