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A flat-panel display ( FPD) is an electronic display used to visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment.

Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. They are usually less than thick. While the highest resolution for consumer-grade televisions was 1080i, many interactive flat panels in the 2020s are capable of 1080p and 4K resolution.

In the 2010s, portable consumer electronics such as laptops, mobile phones, and portable cameras have used flat-panel displays since they consume less power and are lightweight. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays.

Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use or light-emitting diode (LED) technologies, sometimes combined. Most LCD screens are with color filters used to display colors. In many cases, flat-panel displays are combined with technology, which allows the user to interact with the display in a natural manner. For example, modern smartphone displays often use panels, with capacitive touch screens.

Flat-panel displays can be divided into two display device categories: volatile and static. The former requires that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g. liquid-crystal displays (LCD)), and can only show an image when it has power. On the other hand, static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable, such as displays that make use of , and as such retain content even when power is removed.


History
The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by in 1954 as a result of its work on radar monitors. The publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and monitors. But GE did not continue with the R&D required and never built a working flat panel at that time. "Proposed Television Sets Would Feature Thin Screens." Popular Mechanics, November 1954, p. 111. The first production flat-panel display was the , developed in the early 1950s and produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a heads up display and as an oscilloscope monitor, but conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home television use ran into continued problems and the system was never released commercially.William Ross Aiken, "History of the Kaiser-Aiken, thin cathode ray tube", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume 31 Issue 11 (November 1984), pp. 1605–1608.

, better known as the inventor of , patented a flat-screen CRT in 1958. This was substantially similar to Aiken's concept, and led to a years-long . By the time the lawsuits were complete, with Aiken's patent applying in the US and Gabor's in the UK, the commercial aspects had long lapsed, and the two became friends. Around this time, came across Gabor's work and began an ultimately unsuccessful decade-long effort to commercialize it.

The featured a relatively flat (for its day) cathode-ray tube setup and would be the first commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the Predicta was a commercial failure. The plasma display panel was invented in 1964 at the University of Illinois, according to The History of Plasma Display Panels.Plasma TV Science.org – The History of Plasma Display Panels


Liquid-crystal displays (LC displays, or LCDs)
The (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and at in 1959, and presented in 1960. Building on their work, Paul K. Weimer at developed the thin-film transistor (TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET.
(2025). 9781119247401, John Wiley & Sons. .
The idea of a TFT-based LCD was conceived by Bernard J. Lechner of in 1968. B.J. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a dynamic scattering LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.
(2025). 9789812389565, . .

The first addressed electroluminescent display was made using TFTs by T. Peter Brody's Thin-Film Devices department at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1968.

(2025). 9789812389565, World Scientific. .
In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at Westinghouse Research Laboratories demonstrated the first thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display. Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974.

By 1982, LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch ET-10

(2025). 9781119161356, John Wiley & Sons. .
Epson Elf was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a Sharp research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD, which convinced the electronics industry that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television display technology. , all modern and high-quality electronic visual display devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays.
(2025). 9783319000022, Springer Science & Business Media. .


LED displays
The first usable LED display was developed by (HP) and introduced in 1968.
(2025). 9783540401506, Springer Science & Business Media. .
It was the result of research and development (R&D) on practical technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and Mohamed M. Atalla, at HP Associates and . In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and was a revolution in technology, replacing the for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat-panel LED television display.

Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke at built the first practical (OLED) device in 1987. In 2003, produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004, the Sony Qualia 005 was the first . The Sony XEL-1, released in 2007, was the first OLED television. Sony XEL-1:The world's first OLED TV , OLED-Info.com (17 November 2008).


Common types

Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing films are placed at each side of the LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either twisted nematic (TN), in-plane switching (IPS) or vertical alignment (VA). Color is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LC displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc.


LED-LCD
Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With the improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer.


Plasma panel
A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as . Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between the two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers.


Electroluminescent panel
In an electroluminescent display, the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make the phosphor glow.


Organic light-emitting diode
An (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs.


Quantum-dot light-emitting diode
QLED or quantum dot LED is a flat panel display technology introduced by Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. CES 2015 placing bets on new TV technologies. IEEE Spectrum, 7 January 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2017 LG leaps quantum dot rivals with new TV. CNET, 16 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2017 Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour of LCD panels, where the image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime, devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that the QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote the new Samsung QLED TV.


Volatile
Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from mains electricity (being plugged into a ) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a , the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.


Examples
The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s:
  • Plasma display panel (PDP)
  • Active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD)
  • : Digital Light Processing (DLP), LCD,
  • : ,
  • Light-emitting diode display (LED)
  • Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED)
  • Quantum dot display (QLED)

Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization was limited or has been ultimately abandoned:

  • Active-matrix electroluminescent display
  • Interferometric modulator display
  • Field-emission display
  • Surface-conduction electron-emitter display


Static
Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are . This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (cholesteric liquid-crystal displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic displays in reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels; interferometric modulator displays in a smartwatch).


See also

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