A fascia (; : fasciae or fascias;
The knowledge of fascial structures is essential in surgery, as they create borders for infectious processes (for example Psoas abscess) and haematoma. An increase in pressure may result in a compartment syndrome, where a prompt fasciotomy may be necessary. For this reason, profound descriptions of fascial structures are available in anatomical literature from the 19th century.
Function
Fasciae were traditionally thought of as passive structures that transmit mechanical tension generated by muscular activities or external forces throughout the body. An important function of muscle fasciae is to reduce friction of muscular force. In doing so, fasciae provide a supportive and movable wrapping for nerves and blood vessels as they pass through and between muscles.
In the tradition of medical dissections it has been common practice to carefully clean muscles and other organs from their surrounding fasciae in order to study their detailed topography and function. However, this practice tends to ignore that many muscle fibers insert into their fascial envelopes and that the function of many organs is significantly altered when their related fasciae are removed.
Fascial tissues – particularly those with tendinous or aponeurotic properties – are also able to store and release elastic potential energy.
Anatomical compartments
A fascial compartment is a section within the body that contains
muscles and
nerves and is surrounded by fascia. In the
human body, the limbs can each be divided into two segments. The
upper limb can be divided into the
arm and the
forearm; their sectional compartments are the fascial compartments of the arm and the fascial compartments of the forearm, which both contain an anterior and a posterior compartment. The lower limbs can also be divided into two segments: the
human leg and the
thigh; those contain the fascial compartments of the leg and the fascial compartments of the thigh respectively.
File:Plastinated Human Thigh.jpg|Photo of cross-sectional slice from a plastinated human thigh.
File:Schematic drawing of a transverse section of the thigh illustrating its fascial anatomy.webp|Schematic drawing of a transverse section of the thigh illustrating its fascial anatomy.
Clinical significance
Fascia itself becomes clinically important when it loses stiffness, becomes too stiff, or has decreased shearing ability.
When inflammatory
fasciitis or trauma causes
fibrosis and adhesions, fascial tissue fails to differentiate the adjacent structures effectively. This can happen after surgery, where the fascia has been incised and healing includes a
scar that traverses the surrounding structures.
Research
The Fascial Net Plastination Project (FNPP) is an anatomical research initiative spearheaded by fascia researcher
Robert Schleip. The project aims to enhance the study of fascia through the technique of
plastination. Led by an international team of fascia experts and anatomists, the FNPP resulted in the creation of a full-body fascia plastinate known as
FR:EIA (Fascia Revealed: Educating Interconnected Anatomy).
This plastinate provides a detailed view of the human fascial network, allowing for a better understanding of its structure and function as an interconnected tissue throughout the body.
FR:EIA was unveiled at the 2021 Fascia Research Congress and is currently exhibited at the Body Worlds exhibition in Berlin. This project represents a significant contribution to the visualization of fascia and has the potential to influence future research in fields such as medicine, physical therapy, and movement science.
Terminology
There exists some controversy about what structures are considered "fascia" and how they should be classified.
[It is acknowledged that the various definitions of fascia
offered by recognised authorities do not enjoy universal agreement and all have varying deficiencies. These definitions currently
fall short of an agreed, descriptive, fully embracing definition that would suit all interested medical agencies/researchers and allied
disciplines (16).]
The current version of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists divides into:
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Fascia craniocervicalis
-
Fascia trunci
-
Fascia parietalis
-
Fascia extraserosalis
-
Fascia visceralis
-
Fasciae membrorum
-
Fasciae musculorum
-
Fascia investiens
-
Fascia propria musculi
Previous terminology
Two former, rather commonly used systems are:
-
The one specified in the 1983 edition of Nomina Anatomica (NA 1983)
-
The one specified in the 1997 edition of Terminologia Anatomica (TA 1997)
|
|
| Superficial fascia | (not considered fascia in this system) | This is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body, blending with the reticular layer of the dermis. | Fascia of Scarpa |
| Deep fascia | Fascia of muscles | This is the dense fibrous connective tissue that interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body. | Transverse fascia |
| Visceral fascia | Visceral fascia, parietal fascia | This suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. | Pericardium |
Superficial
Superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the
human skin in nearly all of the regions of the
human body, that blends with the
reticular dermis layer.
It is present on the
face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the
nape of the
neck and overlying the
Human sternum.
Serge Paoletti (2025). 093961653X, Eastland Press. 093961653X
It consists mainly of loose areolar and fatty
adipose connective tissue and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body. In addition to its subcutaneous presence, superficial fascia surrounds organs,
glands and neurovascular bundles, and fills otherwise empty space at many other locations. It serves as a storage medium of
fat and
water; as a passageway for
lymph,
nerve and
blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate.
Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelid, ear, scrotum, Human penis and clitoris.[Norman Eizenberg, General Anatomy:Principles and Applications (2008), p 70.]
Due to its viscoelastic properties, superficial fascia can stretch to accommodate the deposition of adipose that accompanies both ordinary and prenatal weight gain. After pregnancy and weight loss, the superficial fascia slowly reverts to its original level of tension.
Visceral
Visceral fascia (also called
subserous fascia) suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue
cell membrane. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin
serous membrane.
-
The outermost wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer
-
The skin of the organ is known as the layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. In the brain, they are known as meninges; in the heart they are known as pericardium; in the lungs, they are known as pleurae; and in the abdomen, they are known as peritoneum.
Visceral fascia is less extensible than superficial fascia. Due to its suspensory role for the organs, it needs to maintain its tone rather consistently. If it is too lax, it contributes to organ prolapse, yet if it is hypertonic, it restricts proper organ motility.Serge Paoletti (2025). 093961653X, Eastland Press. 093961653X
Deep
Deep fascia is a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds individual
and divides groups of muscles into fascial compartments.
This fascia has a high density of
elastin fibre that determines its
extensibility or resilience.
Deep fascia was originally considered to be essentially avascular but later investigations have confirmed a rich presence of thin blood vessels.
Deep fascia is also richly supplied with
.
Examples of deep fascia are
fascia lata,
fascia cruris,
brachial fascia,
plantar fascia, thoracolumbar fascia and Buck's fascia.
See also
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Clavipectoral fascia
-
Endothoracic fascia
-
Extracellular matrix
-
Interstitial cell
-
Pectoral fascia
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Thoracolumbar fascia
-
Fascia (architecture)
External links
