An epiphysis (; : epiphyses) is one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone that ossify from one or more secondary centers of ossification.
The epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Structure
There are four types of epiphyses:
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Pressure epiphysis: The region of the long bone that forms the joint is a pressure epiphysis (e.g. the head of the femur, part of the hip joint complex). Pressure epiphyses assist in transmitting the weight of the human body and are the regions of the bone that are under pressure during movement or locomotion. Another example of a pressure epiphysis is the head of the humerus which is part of the shoulder complex. Condyles of femur and tibia also come under the pressure epiphysis.
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Traction epiphysis: The regions of the long bone which are non-articular, i.e. not involved in joint formation. Unlike pressure epiphyses, these regions do not assist in weight transmission. However, their proximity to the pressure epiphysis region means that the supporting ligaments and tendons attach to these areas of the bone. Traction epiphyses Ossification later than pressure epiphyses. Examples of traction epiphyses are tubercles of the humerus (greater tubercle and lesser tubercle), and trochanters of the femur (greater and lesser).
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Atavistic epiphysis: A bone that is independent phylogenetically but is fused with another bone in humans. These types of fused bones are called atavistic, e.g., the coracoid process of the scapula, which has been fused in humans, but is separate in four-legged animals. os trigonum (posterior tubercle of talus) is another example for atavistic epiphysis.
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Aberrant epiphysis: These epiphyses are deviations from the norm and are not always present. For example, the epiphysis at the head of the first metacarpal bone and at the base of other metacarpal bones
Bones with an epiphysis
Many bones in the body contain an epiphysis, a region critical for growth and articulation. The humerus, for example, is situated between the shoulder and elbow and contributes significantly to upper limb movement. Below the elbow are the radius and ulna, two bones that run parallel to each other. In anatomical position, the radius is positioned laterally, while the ulna lies medially. Both bones are essential in forelimb structure and motion.
Distal to the forearm bones are the metacarpal bones, which reside in the forelimb. These bones are located just beyond the wrist and serve as a link to the phalanges, or finger bones, at the end of the limbs.
In the lower body, the femur is a prominent bone positioned between the hip and knee. As the longest bone in the human body, it plays a pivotal role in forming the upper part of the knee joint. In the lower leg, the tibia and fibula are two parallel bones that complete the lower half of the knee joint. The tibia, located medially, bears most of the body's weight, while the fibula, positioned laterally, is smaller and supports leg structure. Further down the leg are the metatarsal bones, found near the distal end of the hindlimb. These bones are positioned proximal to the toe bones, or phalanges, providing support and structure in the foot.
Pseudo-epiphysis
A
pseudo-epiphysis is an epiphysis-looking end of a bone where an epiphysis is not normally located.
A pseudo-epiphysis is delineated by a
transverse notch, looking similar to a
growth plate.
[ However, these transverse notches lack the typical cell columns found in normal growth plates, and do not contribute significantly to longitudinal bone growth.][
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Clinical significance
Pathology of the epiphysis include avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). OCD involves the subchondral bone.
Epiphyseal lesions include chondroblastoma and giant-cell tumor.
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