Crocodylomorpha is a group of Pseudosuchia that includes the and their extinct relatives. They were the only members of Pseudosuchia to survive the end-Triassic extinction. Extinct crocodylomorphs were considerably more ecologically diverse than modern crocodillians. The earliest and most primitive crocodylomorphs are represented by "Sphenosuchia", a paraphyletic assemblage containing small-bodied, slender forms with elongated limbs that walked upright, which represents the ancestral morphology of Crocodylomorpha. These forms persisted until the end of the Jurassic.
Evolutionary history
The earliest lineages of Crocodylomorpha are placed into the paraphyletic "
Sphenosuchia", which are characterized by slender bodies with elongate legs. The oldest known crocodylomorph is
Trialestes, known from the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian) of Argentina, around 231–225 million years ago,
the last groups of "sphenosuchians" persisted until the end of the Jurassic.
During the Jurassic, crocodylomorphs diversified, including the emergence of herbivorous and omnivorous forms,
as well as the aquatically adapted
Neosuchia and
Thalattosuchia, with Thalattosuchia and several groups of neosuchians becoming adapted to a marine lifestyle over the Jurassic and Cretaceous
During the Cretaceous, the
Notosuchia were a diverse group across the Southern Hemisphere occupying many diverse ecologies.
Modern
Crocodilia, a subgroup of Neosuchia, emerged during the Late Cretaceous.
Crocodylomorph diversity was severely reduced by the end-Cretaceous extinction event.
The last group of terrestrially adapted crocodylomorphs was the
Sebecidae, a group of large predatory notosuchians which persisted in South America until the middle
Miocene around 12 million years ago.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Historically, all known living and extinct crocodiles were indiscriminately lumped into the order Crocodilia. However, beginning in the late 1980s, many scientists began restricting the order Crocodilia to the living species and close extinct relatives such as
Mekosuchus. The various other groups that had previously been known as Crocodilia were moved to Crocodylomorpha and the slightly more restrictive
Crocodyliformes.
Crocodylomorpha has been given the rank of
superorder in some 20th and 21st century studies.
The old Crocodilia was subdivided into the suborders:
Mesosuchia is a paraphyletic group as it does not include eusuchians (which nest within Mesosuchia). Mesoeucrocodylia was the name given to the clade that contains mesosuchians and eusuchians (Whetstone and Whybrow, 1983).
The previous definitions of Crocodilia and Eusuchia did not accurately convey evolutionary relationships within the group. The only order-level taxon that is currently considered valid is Crocodilia in its present definition. Prehistoric crocodiles are represented by many taxa, but since few major groups of the ancient forms are distinguishable, a conclusion on how to define new order-level clades is not yet possible. (Benson & Clark, 1988). Crocodylomorpha in the modern sense, as defined by Paul Sereno in 2005, is phylogenetically defined as the most inclusive clade containing Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile), but not Rauisuchus tiradentes, Poposaurus gracilis, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, Prestosuchus chiniquensis, or Aetosaurus ferratus.
Phylogeny
Below is a
cladogram of most known crocodylomorphs from Stephan F. Speikeman in 2023.
The modern consensus is that "sphenosuchians" form a paraphyletic assemblage leading towards the more derived
Crocodyliformes. The basal crocodylomorph Saltoposuchidae was defined by Speikman, 2023 as the most inclusive clade containing
Saltoposuchus, but not
Sphenosuchus,
Carnufex, and
Trialestes. The clade Solidocrania was established by Alexander A. Ruebenstahl and colleagues in 2022 to unite crocodyliforms with their closest "sphenosuchian" relatives who both share similarly reinforced skulls. This clade was defined as the least inclusive clade including
Junggarsuchus,
Almadasuchus, and
Macelognathus.
Biology
The Crocodylomorpha comprise a variety of forms, shapes, and sizes, which occupied a range of habitats. As with most
, Crocodylomorphs were and are
oviparous, laying eggs in a nest or mound, known from strata as old as the Late Jurassic.
Adult size varies widely, from about 55 cm long in
Knoetschkesuchus to much larger dimensions, as in
Sarcosuchus. Most crocodylomorphs were
, but many lineages evolved to be obligate
, such as the extant gharials.
In some forms, like Hesperosuchus and Terrestrisuchus, metatarsal V still had one or two Phalanx bone,
Sources
-
Benton, M. J. (2004), Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
-
Hay, O. P. 1930 (1929–1930). Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Carnegie Institution Publications, Washington, 1, 990 pp.
External links
