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Ba'al Zabub , Ba'al Zvuv or Beelzebub ( ; Baʿal-zəḇūḇ), also spelled Beelzebul or Belzebuth, and occasionally known as the Lord of the Flies, is a name derived from a god, formerly worshipped in , and later adopted by some Abrahamic religions as a major . The name Beelzebub is associated with the Canaanite god .

In theological sources, predominantly Christian, Beelzebub is another name for . He is known in demonology as one of the seven deadly demons or seven princes of Hell, Beelzebub representing and . The Dictionnaire Infernal describes Beelzebub as a being capable of flying, known as the "Lord of the Flies", "Lord of the Flyers", or the "Lord of the Flying Demons". He is also referenced in the well-known novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding due to his ties to hell and the themes of the book.


Judaism

Hebrew Scriptures
The source for the name Beelzebub is in the Books of Kings (), written Baʿal zəvuv, referring to a deity worshipped by the in the city of .

This passage notes that King Ahaziah of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, after seriously injuring himself in a fall, sent messengers to inquire of Baʿal-zəvuv, the god of the Philistine city of Ekron, to learn if he would recover.

then condemned Ahaziah to die by God's words because Ahaziah sought counsel from Baʿal-zəvuv rather than from God.

The title "Lord", is a Ugaritic and Cananitic term used in conjunction with a descriptive name of a specific god. Opinions differ on what the name means. In one understanding, Baʿal zəvuv is translated literally as "lord of (the) flies".

(1999). 9780802824912, Brill; .
(2025). 9780226039336, University of Chicago Press.
(1990). 9780802824127, .
(1996). 9780300140019, Doubleday.
It was long ago suggested that there was a relationship between the Philistine god, and cults of flies—referring to a view of them as pests, feasting on excrement—appearing in the Hellenic world, such as .
(2025). 9780802824004, . .
This is confirmed by the Ugaritic text which depicts Ba'al expelling flies, which are the cause of a person's sickness.

According to Francesco Saracino (1982), this series of elements may be inconclusive as evidence, but the fact that in relationship to Baʿal zəvuv, the two constituent terms are here linked, joined by a function (ndy) that is typical of some divinities attested to in the Mediterranean world, is a strong argument in favor of the authenticity of the name of the god of Ekron, and of his possible therapeutic activities, which are implicit in , etc.

Alternatively, the deity's actual name could have been Baʿal zəvul, "lord of the (heavenly) dwelling", and Baʿal zəvuv could have been a derogatory pun used by the .

(2025). 9780802837851, .
(1996). 9780300140811, Doubleday.
(1996). 9780830814398, InterVarsity Press.

The renders the name as Baalzebub (Βααλζεβούβ) and as Baal muian (Βααλ μυῗαν, "Baal of flies"). However, Symmachus may have reflected a tradition of its offensive ancient name when he rendered it as Beelzeboul.


Testament of Solomon
In the Testament of Solomon, Beelzebul (not Beelzebub) appears as prince of the demons and saysTestament of Solomon 6.2 that he was formerly a leading heavenly angel who wasTestament of Solomon 6.7 associated with the star (the normal Greek name for the planet (, Αφροδíτη) as evening star). Seemingly, Beelzebul here is synonymous with . Beelzebul claims to cause destruction through , to cause demons to be worshipped among men, to excite priests to lust, to cause jealousies in cities and murders, and to bring about war. The Testament of Solomon is an work, purportedly written by King , in which the author mostly describes particular demons whom he enslaved to help build Solomon's Temple, with substantial Christian interpolations.


Rabbinical literature
Rabbinical literature commentary equates the Baʿal-zəvuv of Ekron as lord of the "fly".The Babylonian Talmud, Vol. 1 of 9: Tract Sabbath – Page 186 "made themselves Baal-berith for a god"; by Baal-berith is meant the Zebub (fly) idol of Ekron, and every idolater (at that time) made an image of his idol in miniature in order to keep it constantly at hand and to be able at any time to take it out, .." The word Baʿal-zəvuv in rabbinical texts is a mockery of the worship of , which ancient Hebrews considered to be idol worship.

scholars have interpreted the title of "Lord of the Flies" as the Hebrew way of calling Baʿal a pile of excrement, and comparing Ba'al followers to flies. Easton's Bible Dictionary


Christianity

Christian Bible
In Mark 3:22, the accuse of by the power of Beelzebul, the prince of demons. The name also appears in the expanded version in Matthew 12:24,27 and Luke 11:15, 18–19, as well as in .

It is unknown whether Symmachus the Ebionite was correct in identifying these names. Zeboul might derive from a slurred pronunciation of zebûb; from zebel, a word used to mean "dung" in the ; or from Hebrew zebûl found in in the phrase bêt-zebûl, "lofty house".

In any case, the form Beelzebub was substituted for Beelzeboul in the translation and Latin translation of the gospels, and this substitution was repeated in the King James Version, the resulting form Beelzeboul being mostly unknown to and descendant cultures until some more recent translations restored it.

Beelzebub is also identified in the as the Devil, "the prince of demons"."In NT Gk. beelzeboul, beezeboul (Beelzebub in TR and AV) is the prince of the demons (Mt. 12:24, 27; Mk. 3:22; Lk. 11:15, 18f.), identified with Satan (Mt. 12:26; Mk. 3:23, 26; Lk. 11:18).", Bruce, "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul", Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H. (1996). New Bible dictionary (3rd ed.) (108). Leicester, England; Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press."Besides, Matt 12:24; Mark 3:22; Luke 11:15 use the apposition ἄρχων τῶν δαιμονίων 'head of the →Demons'.", Herrmann, "Baal Zebub", in Toorn, K. v. d., Becking, B., & Horst, P. W. v. d. (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD (2nd extensively rev. ed.) (154). Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans. Biblical scholar Thomas Kelly Cheyne suggested that it might be a derogatory corruption of Ba'al-zəbûl, "Lord of the High Place" (i.e., Heaven) or "High Lord".

(2025). 9780312307417, St. Martin's Press.

In translations, the name is rendered as Baʿl-zabūl (بعلزبول).


Gnostic tradition
Texts of the Gospel of Nicodemus vary; Beelzebul and Beelzebub are used interchangeably. The name is used by as a secondary name for the , but it may vary with each translation of the text; other versions separate Beelzebub from the Devil.

According to the teachings of the Modern Gnostic Movement of Samael Aun Weor, Beelzebub was a prince of demons who rebelled against the Black Lodge during World War II and was converted by Aun Weor to the White Lodge.


Christian tradition
Beelzebub is commonly described as placed high in 's hierarchy. According to the stories of the 16th-century occultist , Beelzebub led a successful revolt against the Devil,
(1970). 040405451X, AMS Press. 040405451X
is the chief lieutenant of , the Emperor of Hell, and presides over the Order of the Fly. Similarly, the 17th-century exorcist Sébastien Michaëlis, in his Admirable History (1612), placed Beelzebub among the three most prominent fallen , the other two being Lucifer and . , in his epic poem , first published in 1667, identified an unholy trinity consisting of Beelzebub, Lucifer, and , with Beelzebub as the second-ranking of the many fallen angels. Milton wrote of Beelzebub "than whom, Satan except, none higher sat." Beelzebub is also a character in 's The Pilgrim's Progress, first published in 1678.

In 1409–1410 The Lanterne of Light (an anonymous English tract often attributed to )Milford, Humphrey. "Introduction", The Lanterne of Liȝt. Oxford University Press, 1917 provided a classification of the princes of Hell based on the seven deadly sins and associated Beelzebub with the deadly sin of . However, Sebastien Michaelis associated Beelzebub with the deadly sin of , one of the other seven deadly sins, and according to in his 1589 Treatise on Confessions by Evildoers and Witches Beelzebub was the demon of , whereas Francis Barrett asserted that Beelzebub was the prince of . Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology, by Rosemary Guiley, pp. 28–29, Facts on File, 2009. Dictionary of Demons, by Fred Gettings, Guild Publishing, 1998, pp. 55–56

Not only had the disparagingly accused of using Beelzebub's demonic powers to heal people (Luke 11:14–26), but others have been labelled possessed for acts of an extreme nature. Down through history, Beelzebub has been held responsible for many cases of demonic possession, such as that of Sister Madeleine de Demandolx de la Palud, in 1611, whose relationship with Father Jean-Baptiste Gaufridi led not only to countless traumatic events at the hands of her inquisitors but also to the torture and execution of that "bewitcher of young nuns", Gaufridi himself. Beelzebub was also imagined to be sowing his influence in Salem, Massachusetts; his name came up repeatedly during the Salem witch trials, the last large-scale public expression of in either or , and afterwards, the Rev. wrote a titled Of Beelzebub and his Plot.


See also

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