The arrector pili muscles, also known as hair erector muscles,
Structure
Each arrector pili is composed of a bundle of
smooth muscle fibres which attach to several follicles (a follicular unit).
Each is innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
The muscle attaches to the follicular stem cell niche in the follicular bulge,
splitting at their deep end to encircle the follicle.
Function
The contraction of the muscle is involuntary. Stresses such as
cold,
fear etc. may stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, and thus cause muscle contraction.
Thermal insulation
Contraction of arrector pili muscles have a principal function in the majority of mammals of providing thermal insulation.
Air becomes trapped between the erect hairs, helping the animal retain heat.
Self defence
Many animals experience contraction of the arrector pili muscle in response to a perceived threat. This helps the animal seem larger and more intimidating as a result.
Sebum excretion
Pressure exerted by the muscle may cause
sebum to be forced along the hair follicle towards the surface, protecting the hair.
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Hair follicle stability
Arrector pili muscles also stabilise the base of the
hair follicle.
Clinical significance
Skin conditions such as
leprosy can damage arrector pili muscles, preventing their contraction.
Inducing contraction of the arrector pili muscles via an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist has been shown to reduce hair shedding as a result of traction alopecia.
History
The term "arrector pili" comes from Latin. It translates to "hair erector".
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