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Anelloviridae is a family of . They are classified as vertebrate viruses and have a non-enveloped capsid, which is round with isometric, icosahedral symmetry and has a triangulation number of 3.
The name is derived from Italian anello 'ring', referring to the circular genome of anelloviruses. It is the sole representative of its own phylum, Commensaviricota (from its "commensal" lifestyle in the human virome + ).
Although the mechanism of replication has not been studied heavily, anelloviridae appears to use the rolling circle mechanism where first ssDNA is converted to dsDNA. It requires a host polymerase for replication to occur as the genome itself does not encode for a viral polymerase and, as a result, anelloviridae must replicate inside the cell's nucleus.Viralzone
Anelloviridae also have two main open reading frames, ORF1 and ORF2. They initiate at two different AUG codons. Additional ORFs can be formed as well. These ORFs may overlap partially.
ORF1 is thought to encode the putative capsid protein and replication-associated protein of anelloviruses. The specific role of these replication-associated proteins are still being studied.
ORF2 is thought to either encode a protein with phosphatase activity (TTMVs) or a peptide that suppresses the NF-B pathways (TTVs).Zheng, H., Ye, L., Fang, X., Li, B., Wang, Y., Xiang, X., Kong, L., Wang, W., Zeng, Y., Ye, L. and Wu, Z., 2007. Torque teno virus (SANBAN Isolate) ORF2 protein suppresses NF-κB pathways via interaction with IκB kinases. Journal of virology, 81(21), pp.11917-11924. It was seen to have a highly conserved motif in the N-terminal part.
The overall prevalence in the general population is over 90% and has been found in all continents. They cause chronic human viral infections that have not yet been associated with disease. There is also no evidence of viral clearance following infection. At least 200 different species are present in humans and animals.
It has been shown that there are multiple methods of transmission such as saliva droplets and maternal or sexual routes.
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