An anachronism (from the ancient Greek ἀνά ana, 'against' and χρόνος khronos, 'time') is a chronology inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of people, events, objects, language terms and customs from different time periods. The most common type of anachronism is an object misplaced in time, but it may be a verbal expression, a technology, a philosophical idea, a musical style, a material, a plant or animal, a custom, or anything else associated with a particular period that is placed outside its proper temporal domain.
An anachronism may be either intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms may be introduced into a literary or artistic work to help a contemporary audience engage more readily with a historical period. Anachronism can also be used intentionally for purposes of rhetoric, propaganda, comedy, or shock. Unintentional anachronisms may occur when a writer, artist, or performer is unaware of differences in technology, terminology and language, customs and attitudes, or even fashions between different historical periods and eras.
Types
The metachronism-prochronism contrast is nearly
Synonym with parachronism-anachronism, and involves postdating-predating respectively.
Parachronism
A
parachronism (from the
ancient Greek παρά, "on the side", and χρόνος, "time")
postdates.
It is anything that appears in a time period in which it is not normally found (though not sufficiently out of place as to be impossible).
This may be an object, idiomatic expression, technology, philosophical idea, musical style, material, custom, or anything else so closely bound to a particular time period as to seem strange when encountered in a later era. They may be objects or ideas that were once common but are now considered rare or inappropriate. They can take the form of obsolete technology or outdated fashion or idioms.
Prochronism
A
prochronism (from the
ancient Greek πρό, "before", and χρόνος, "time")
predates.
It is an impossible anachronism which occurs when an object or idea has not yet been invented when the situation takes place, and therefore could not have possibly existed at the time. A prochronism may be an object not yet developed, a verbal expression that had not yet been coined, a philosophy not yet formulated, a breed of animal not yet evolved or bred, or use of a technology that had not yet been created.
Metachronism
A
metachronism (from the
ancient Greek μετά, "after", and χρόνος, "time")
postdates.
It is the use of older cultural artifacts in modern settings which may seem inappropriate. For example, it could be considered metachronistic for a modern-day person to be depicted wearing a
top hat or writing with a
quill.
Politically motivated anachronism
Works of art and literature promoting a political, nationalist or revolutionary cause may use anachronism to depict an institution or custom as being more ancient than it actually is, or otherwise intentionally blur the distinctions between past and present. For example, the 19th-century Romanian painter
Constantin Lecca depicts the peace agreement between Ioan Bogdan Voievod and Radu Voievod—two leaders in Romania's 16th-century history—with the flags of
Moldavia (blue-red) and of
Wallachia (yellow-blue) seen in the background. These flags date only from the 1830s: anachronism promotes legitimacy for the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia into the Kingdom of Romania at the time the painting was made.
File:Constantin Lecca - Infratirea moldovenilor si muntenilor.jpg| Moldavians and become Brothers: 19th-century flags in a 16th-century scene
Art and literature
Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis. Anachronisms may be introduced in many ways: for example, in the disregard of the different modes of life and thought that characterize different periods, or in ignorance of the progress of the arts and sciences and other facts of history. They vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. Anachronisms may be the unintentional result of ignorance, or may be a deliberate aesthetic choice.
Sir Walter Scott justified the use of anachronism in historical literature: "It is necessary, for exciting interest of any kind, that the subject assumed should be, as it were, translated into the manners as well as the language of the age we live in."[Grafton 1990, p. 67.]
It is only since the beginning of the 19th century that anachronistic deviations from historical reality have jarred on a general audience. C. S. Lewis wrote:
Anachronisms abound in the works of Raffaello Santi
File:Lucas van Leyden - Lot and his Daughters - WGA12932.jpg| Lot and His Daughters, a painting of 1520, shows Biblical Sodom as a typical Dutch city of the painter's time.
File:Pedro Berruguete Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe 1495.jpg|St Dominic, active in the 13th century, shown presiding over an auto-da-fé ceremony of a kind only instituted more than two hundred years after his death[ Saint Dominic presiding over an Auto-da-fe at Prado Museum]
File:Claude Lorrain 008.jpg| The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, a 1648 painting by Claude Lorrain showing the arrival of the Queen of Sheba on 17th-century , with Renaissance-style buildings.
File:Charles I, Holy Roman Emperor.jpg|Charlemagne wearing the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, by Albrecht Dürer, . The crown was made a century and a half after Charlemagne's death.
Comical anachronism
Comedy fiction set in the past may use anachronism for humorous effect. Comedic anachronism can be used to make serious points about both historical and modern society, such as drawing parallels to political or social conventions.
Future anachronism
Even with careful research,
science fiction writers risk anachronism as their works age because they cannot predict all political, social, and technological change.
For example, many books, television shows, radio productions and films nominally set in the mid-21st century or later refer to the Soviet Union, to Saint Petersburg in Russia as Leningrad, to Cold War and to divided Germany and divided Berlin. Star Trek has suffered from future anachronisms; instead of "retconning" these errors, the 2009 film retained them for consistency with older franchises.
Buildings or natural features, such as the World Trade Center in New York City, can become out of place once they disappear,
Futuristic technology may appear alongside technology which would be obsolete by the time in which the story is set. For example, in the stories of Robert A. Heinlein, interplanetary space travel coexists with calculation using .
Language anachronism
Language anachronisms in novels and films are quite common, both intentional and unintentional.
Intentional anachronisms inform the audience more readily about a film set in the past. In this regard, language and pronunciation change so fast that most modern people (even many scholars) would find it difficult, or even impossible, to understand a film with dialogue in 15th-century English; thus, audiences willingly accept characters speaking an updated language, and modern
slang and figures of speech are often used in these films.
Unconscious anachronism
Unintentional anachronisms may occur even in what are intended as wholly objective and accurate records or representations of historic artifacts and artworks, because the perspectives of historical recorders are conditioned by the assumptions and practices of their own times, in a form of
cultural bias. One example is the attribution of historically inaccurate beards to various
Middle Ages effigy and figures in stained glass in records made by English
antiquarian of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Working in an age in which beards were in fashion and widespread, the antiquaries seem to have unconsciously projected the fashion back into an era in which they were rare.
In academia
In historical writing, the most common type of anachronism is the adoption of the political, social or cultural concerns and assumptions of one era to interpret or evaluate the events and actions of another. The anachronistic application of present-day perspectives to comment on the historical past is sometimes described as presentism.
Empiricism , working in the traditions established by Leopold von Ranke in the 19th century, regard this as a great error, and a trap to be avoided.
has argued that "a grasp of the fact that past societies are very different from our own, and ... very difficult to get to know" is an essential and fundamental skill of the professional historian; and that "anachronism is still one of the most obvious faults when the unqualified (those expert in other disciplines, perhaps) attempt to do history".
Detection of forgery
The ability to identify anachronisms may be employed as a critical and forensic tool to demonstrate the fraudulence of a document or artifact purporting to be from an earlier time.
Anthony Grafton discusses, for example, the work of the 3rd-century philosopher Porphyry, of
Isaac Casaubon (1559–1614), and of Richard Reitzenstein (1861–1931), all of whom succeeded in exposing literary forgeries and plagiarisms, such as those included in the "
Hermetica", through – among other techniques – the recognition of anachronisms.
[Grafton 1990, pp. 75–98.] The detection of anachronisms is an important element within the scholarly discipline of
diplomatics, the critical analysis of the forms and language of documents, developed by the Maurist scholar
Jean Mabillon (1632–1707) and his successors René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777) and Charles-François Toustain (1700–1754). The philosopher and reformer
Jeremy Bentham wrote at the beginning of the 19th century:
Examples are:
-
The exposure by Lorenzo Valla in 1440 of the so-called Donation of Constantine, a decree purportedly issued by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in either 315 or 317 AD, as a later forgery, depended to a considerable degree on the identification of anachronisms, such as references to the city of Constantinople (a name not in fact bestowed until 330 AD).
-
A large number of apparent anachronisms in the Book of Mormon have convinced critics that the book was written in the 19th century, and not, as its adherents claim, in pre-Columbian America.
-
The use of 19th- and 20th-century antisemitism terminology demonstrates that the purported "Franklin Prophecy" (attributed to Benjamin Franklin, who died in 1790) is a forgery.
-
The "William Lynch speech", an address, supposedly delivered in 1712, on the control of slaves in Virginia, is now considered to be a 20th-century forgery, partly on account of its use of anachronistic terms such as "program" and "refueling".
See also
Bibliography
External links
