Wiki: Yellow-green algae

Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae ( xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Xanthophyte contain the photosynthesis pigments Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll c, beta-Carotene, and the carotenoid diadinoxanthin.

(1991). 9780521427852, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521427852

Unlike other (heterokonts), their chloroplasts do not contain fucoxanthin, which accounts for their lighter colour. Their storage polysaccharide is chrysolaminarin. Xanthophyte cell walls are produced of cellulose and hemicellulose. They appear to be the closest relatives of the brown algae.

Classifications

The species now placed in the Xanthophyceae were formerly included in the Chlorophyceae.Chapman, V. J. An Introduction to the Study of Algae. University Press, Cambridge; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1941, p. 18, [1]. In 1899, Lüther created the group Heterokontae for green algae with unequal flagella. Pascher (1914) included the Heterokontae in the Chrysophyta. In 1930, Allorge renamed the group as Xanthophyceae.

The monadoid (unicellular flagellates) and also sometimes the amoeboid species have been included by some authors in the Protozoa or Protista,Copeland (1956), p. 63 as order Heterochloridina (e.g., Doflein and Reichenow, 1927–1929Doflein, F. & Reichenow, E. 1927–1929. Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde, 5th ed, G. Fischer, Jena. 1262 p.), as class Xanthomonadina, with orders Heterochloridea and Rhizochloridea (e.g., Deflandre, 1956Deflandre, G. (1952). In: Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Vol. 1, fasc. 1. Phylogénie. Protozoaries: Generalités, Flagellés. Masson et Cie, Paris. pp. 212, 217, 220.), as order Heterochlorida (e.g., Hall, 1953,Hall, R.P., 1953. Protozoology. Prentice-Hall, New York, [2], Honigberg et al., 1964), as order Heteromonadida (e.g., Leedale, 1983), or as subclass Heterochloridia (e.g., Puytorac et al., 1987Puytorac, P. de, Grain, J., Mignot, J.P. Précis de protistologie. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd, 1987. 581 p.). These groups are called ambiregnal protists, as names for these have been published under either or both of the ICZN and the ICN.

AlgaeBase (2020)

Xanthophyceae have been divided into the following five orders in some classification systems:

Dictyosphaeriopsis
Groenlandiella
Halosphaeropsis
Pelagocystis
Polyedrium
Pseudopleurochloris
Raphidosphaera
Sphaerochloris
Tiresias
Order Botrydiales Schaffner 1922

Family Botrydiaceae Rabenhorst 1863 e.g. Botrydium

Order Mischococcales Fritsch 1927

Family Botrydiopsidaceae Hibberd 1980 e.g. Botrydiopsis
Family Botryochloridaceae Pascher 1938 e.g. Ilsteria
Family Centritractaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Centritractus
Family Characiopsidaceae Pascher 1938 e.g. Characiopsis, Chlorothecium
Family Chloropediaceae Pascher 1931 e.g. Chloropedia
Family Gloeobotrydaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Gloeobotrys
Family Gloeopodiaceae Pascher 1938 e.g. Gloeopodium
Family Mischococcaceae Pascher 1912 e.g. Mischococcus
Family Ophiocytiaceae Lemmermann 1899 e.g. Ophiocytium
Family Pleurochloridaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Meringosphaera, Pleurochloris
Family Trypanochloridaceae Geitler ex Pascher 1938 e.g. Trypanochloris

Order Rhizochloridales Pascher 1925

Family Myxochloridaceae Pascher 1937 e.g. Myxochloris
Family Rhizochloridaceae Pascher 1925 e.g. Rhizochloris
Family Stipitococcaceae Pascher ex Smith 1933 e.g. Stipitococcus

Order Tribonematales Pascher 1939

Family Heterodendraceae Pascher 1939 e.g. Heterodendron
Family Heteropediaceae Hibberd 1982 e.g. Heterococcus, Heteropedia
Family Neonemataceae Ettl 1977 e.g. Neonema
Family Tribonemataceae West 1904 e.g. Tribonema
Family Xanthonemataceae Silva 1980 e.g. Xanthonema

Order Vaucheriales Nägeli ex Bohlin 1901Christensen, T. 1987. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 4 Tribophyceae (Xanthophyceae). British Museum (Natural History), London

Family Vaucheriaceae (Gray) Dumortier 1822 e.g. Vaucheria

Lüther (1899)

Classification according to Lüther (1899):Pascher (1912), p. 9, [3].

Class Heterokontae

Order Chloromonadales
Order Confervales

Pascher (1912)

Classification according to Pascher (1912):

Heterokontae

Heterochloridales
Heterocapsales
Heterococcales
Heterotrichales
Heterosiphonales

Fritsch (1935)

Fritsch (1935) recognizes the following orders in the class Xanthophyceae:Fritsch, F.E. (1935) The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Volume I. Introduction, Chlorophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. Vol. I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [4].

Order Heterochloridales

Family Heterochloridaceae (e.g., Heterochloris)
Family Heterocapsaceae (e.g., Chlorogloea)
Family Mischococcaceae (e.g., Mischococcus)
Family Heterorhizidaceae (e.g., Rhizolekane)

Order Heterococcales

Family Halosphaeraceae (e.g., Halosphaera)
Family Myxochloridaceae (e.g., Myxochloris)
Family Chlorobotrydaceae(e.g., Chlorobotrys)
Family Chlorotheciaceae (e.g., Chlorothecium)
Family Ophiocytiaceae (e.g., Ophiocytium)

Order Heterotrichales

Family Tribonemataceae (e.g., Tribonema)
Family Heterocloniaceae (e.g., Heterodendron?)

Order Heterosiphonales

Family Botrydiaceae (e.g., Botrydium)

Smith (1938)

In the classification of Smith system, there are six orders in the class Xanthophyceae, placed in the division Chrysophyta:

Order Heterochloridales (e.g., Chlorochromonas)
Order Rhizochloridales (e.g., Chlorarachnion)
Order Heterocapsales (e.g., Chlorosaccus)
Order Heterotrichales (e.g., Tribonema)
Order Heterococcales (e.g., Botrydiopsis)
Order Heterosiphonales (e.g., Botrydium)

Pascher (1939)

Pascher (1939) recognizes 6 classes in Heterokontae:Pascher, A., 1939. Heterokonten. In: Rabenhorsts Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Aufl. 2 Bd. XI. Leipzig: Akad. Verlagsges (1937–1939). p. 204, [5].

Class Heterochloridineae
Class Rhizochloridineae
Class Hetcrocapsineae
Class Heterococcincae
Class Hetcrotrichineae
Class Heterosiphonineae

Copeland (1956)

Copeland (1956) treated the group as order Vaucheriacea:Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, pp. 63–67, [6].

Kingdom Protoctista

Phylum Phaeophyta

Class Heterokonta

Order Vaucheriacea

Family Chlorosaccacea
Family Mischococcacea
Family Chlorotheciacea
Family Botryococcacea
Family Stipitococcacea
Family Chloramoebacea
Family Tribonematacea
Family Phyllosiphonacea

Ettl (1978), van den Hoek et al. (1995)

In a classification presented by van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995), based on the level of organization of the thallus, there are seven orders:

Order Chloramoebales (e.g., Chloromeson) - flagellate organisms
Order Rhizochloridales (e.g., Rhizochloris, Myxochloris) - ameboid organisms
Order Heterogloeales (e.g., Gloeochloris) - palmelloid (tetrasporal) organisms
Order Mischococcales (e.g., Chloridella, Botrydiopsis, Characiopsis, Ophiocytium) - coccoid organisms
Order Tribonematales (e.g., Tribonema, Heterococcus, Heterodendron) - filamentous organization
Order Botrydiales (e.g., Botrydium) - siphonous organization; sexual reproduction isogamy or anisogamous
Order Vaucheriales (e.g., Vaucheria) - siphonous organization; sexual reproduction oogamous

These are the same orders of the classification of Ettl (1978),Ettl, H., 1978. Xanthophyceae. In: Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. (Eds.), Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 3. 1. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1–530. an updated version of the classic work by Pascher (1939). Ultrastructure and molecular studies shows that the Mischococcales might be paraphyletic, and the Tribonematales and Botrydiales polyphyletic, and suggests two orders at most be used until the relationships within the division are sorted.

Maistro et al. (2009)

Informal groups, according to Maistro et al. (2009):

Botrydiopsalean clade
Chlorellidialean clade
Tribonematalean clade
Vaucherialean clade

Unicellular flagellates, amoeboid and palmelloid taxa were not included in this study.

Adl et al. (2005, 2012)

According to Adl et al. (2005, 2012):

Tribonematales (genera Botrydium, Bumilleriopsis, Characiopsis, Chloromeson, Heterococcus, Ophiocytium, Sphaerosorus, Tribonema, Xanthonema)
Vaucheriales (genus Vaucheria)

File:Stipitococcus capense.svg| Stipitococcus capense (Rhizochloridales) File:British fresh-water algae, exclusive of Desmidieae and Diatomaceae (1882-1884) (20231360259).jpg| Ophiocytium arbusculum (Mischococcales), formerly Sciadium arbuscula File:British fresh-water algae, exclusive of Desmidieae and Diatomaceae (1882-1884) (19795451234).jpg| Vaucheria sp. File:Album général des Cryptogames, Pl. 21.jpg|Other genera

File:Alger, Botydium granulatum, Nordisk familjebok.png| Botrydium granulatum (Botrydiales) File:Vaucheria sp thallus 01.jpg| Vaucheria sp. (Vaucheriales), thallus File:Vaucheria sp sexial reproductive organ01.jpg| Vaucheria sp., sexual reproductive organs

Yellow-green algae

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