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Trentino (Lombard language, Venetian and , ), officially the Autonomous Province of Trento (), is an autonomous province of Italy in the Northern Italy. Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, an autonomous region under the constitution. The province is composed of 166 comuni (municipalities). Its capital is the city of Trento (Trent). The province covers an area of more than , with a total population of 541,098 in 2019.
Trentino has a complex history shaped by its position between Italian and Central European cultural spheres. In antiquity, it was inhabited by the Raetians before being incorporated into the Roman Empire as part of the province of Raetia. During the Middle Ages, Trentino became part of the Prince-Bishopric of Trent within the Holy Roman Empire and later fell under Austrian rule until the end of World War I. Following the war and the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), South Tyrol was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy which separated it into two provinces renamed in 1923 as "Trentino" and "Alto Adige". It gained autonomy after World War II under Austrian protection.
Trentino is characterized by its mountains, notably the Dolomites, which form part of the Alps. The region also exhibits significant linguistic diversity: while Italian language is the predominant language, communities speaking Ladin language and the German language dialects of Mócheno and Cimbrian preserve distinct linguistic traditions that reflect its Alpine and Central European heritage.
The corresponding Italian name was Tirolo Meridionale, which was historically used to describe the wider southern part of the County of Tyrol, specifically Trentino and sometimes also today's South Tyrol, or Tirolo Italiano. In its wider sense, Trentino was first used around 1848 in an article by a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly; it became a popular term among leftist intellectual circles in Austria.
Since the new 1972 autonomous status, the administrative name of the province is autonomous province of Trento (; ).Official Journals of the Provincia autonoma di Trento/Autonome Provinz Trient: No. 1 (2002) , No. 17 (2003), No. 23 (2003) , No. 39 (2003) , No. 45 (2006) No. 20 (2007) and No. 25 (2007)
In the early Middle Ages, this area was included within the Kingdom of Italy and the March of Verona. In 1027, the Bishopric of Trent was established as a Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Conrad II. It was an ecclesiastical territory, roughly corresponding to the present-day Trentino, governed by the of Trento.
The Council of Trent, held in three major sessions from 1545 to 1563, with the first at Trento, was one of the important councils in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. It was an articulation of Roman Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation, and specified doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon.
After the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, the bishopric was secularized and absorbed into the Austrian County of Tyrol. It was governed by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The region was the location of heavy fighting during World War I, as it was directly on the front lines between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Trentino was occupied by Italy in November 1918 and was annexed in 1919 by the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).
After World War II, the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers signed the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement, creating the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, consisting of the autonomous provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol. Since the treaty, Trentino has enjoyed considerable autonomy from the Italian central government in Rome. It has its own elected government and legislative assembly.
In 1996, the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common liaison office to the European Union in Brussels.
The province has an area of , and a total population of 524,826 (2010). There are 217 comuni (singular: comune), in the province. Province: Trento - Total Resident Population on 1st January 2010 by sex and marital status , ISTAT data.
The region is known for housing the Dolomites, a mountainous UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Marmolada, at above sea level, is the highest mountain in the Dolomites. The glacier on the Marmolada is also a landmark. Other notable mountains include the Kesselkogel Cermis, Crozzon di Brenta, Latemar, Piz Boè, and Vezzana.
The highest mountain situated completely within the Trentino borders is Presanella. The highest point is Monte Cevedale, located on the border with the Province of Sondrio.
In the elections in 2023, the centre-right coalition won 21 of 35 seats in the province's council. These 21 seats were distributed between the Lega Trentino with 6 seats (including the provincial governor ("presidente") Maurizio Fugatti), the Brothers of Italy (5) Fugatti for Governor (4), the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (3), The Civic List (2) and the Fassa Association which provides this session's legally mandated seat for the province's Ladin minority (1). The centre-left alliance makes up most of the opposition, with 13 seats. This includes 7 seats for the Democratic Party, 4 seats for Campobase and one seat each for the Greens and Left Alliance and Autonomy House. There was also a non-allied party, Wave, which won one seat.
The executive powers are attributed to the provincial government (Italian: Giunta Provinciale), headed by the governor ( Presidente). Since 2018 the governor is Maurizio Fugatti. In 2023, Fugatti remained in power by receiving 51.8% of the vote for governor compared to 37.5% for Francesco Valduga of the centre-left coalition and about 10% for candidates aligned with neither major coalition.
In addition to serving as the legislative body for the province, the members of the council also combine with South Tyrol's council to form the regional council of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. Trentino's governor alternates with the governor of South Tyrol as president of the region. The regional government has its seat in the former Hotel Imperial in Trento.
| 1 | Comunità territoriale della Val di Fiemme | 9 | 18,567 | Cavalese | |
| 2 | Comunità di Primiero | 5 | 9,836 | Tonadico | |
| 3 | Comunità Valsugana e Tesino | 18 | 25,694 | Borgo Valsugana | |
| 4 | Comunità Alta Valsugana e Bersntol | 15 | 45,228 | Pergine Valsugana | |
| 5 | Comunità della Valle di Cembra | 7 | 10,854 | Cembra | |
| 6 | Comunità della Val di Non | 29 | 37,143 | Cles | |
| 7 | Comunità della Valle di Sole | 13 | 15,020 | Malè | |
| 8 | Comunità delle Giudicarie | 25 | 35,647 | Tione di Trento | |
| 9 | Comunità Alto Garda e Ledro | 7 | 42,955 | Riva del Garda | |
| 10 | Comunità della Vallagarina | 17 | 78,482 | Rovereto | |
| 11 | Comun General de Fascia | 6 | 9,195 | Pozza di Fassa | |
| 12 | Altipiani Cimbri | 3 | 4,442 | Lavarone | |
| 13 | Comunità Rotaliana-Königsberg | 7 | 25,953 | Mezzocorona | |
| 14 | Comunità della Paganella | 5 | 4,731 | Andalo | |
| 15 | Val d'Adige territory | 4 | 110,061 | none | |
| 16 | Comunità della Valle dei Laghi | 3 | 9,349 | Vezzano | |
As of 2009, the only municipalities with a population over 20,000 were Trento, Rovereto, and Pergine Valsugana.
Despite the overwhelmingly mountainous nature of the territory, agriculture remains important. Farms often join to form larger cooperatives. The most important produce comprises (50% of national production, together with South Tyrol) and other fruit, vegetables (primarily in the Val di Gresta), and . Important especially for their quality, the latter are used for the production of Trento DOC.
In January 2008, the Edmund Mach Foundation was established to promote research, training and services in the agricultural, agri-food and environmental fields.
The primary industries, often small and medium-sized, are concentrated in Valsugana, Vallagarina and the Adige Valleys. Sectors include textiles, mechanics, wood and paper productions. Also important is the production of hydro-electric energy.
Tourism is the mainstay of the provincial economy. The main resorts include: Madonna di Campiglio, San Martino di Castrozza, Fiera di Primiero, Canazei, Moena, Cavalese, Folgaria, Folgarida-Marilleva, Riva del Garda and Levico Terme, Comano Terme and Roncegno, these last three being renowned thermal stations.
The unemployment rate stood at 3.8% in 2023.
The province has two more railways: the Valsugana Line, connecting Trento to Venice and the Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway between Trento and Malè.
After World War II and the devolution of power to regional authorities, a change in policy slowly began, which gained momentum in the 1990s. Since then a number of far-reaching laws and regulations have been passed and implemented, that protect and promote the use of these three languages and the unique cultural heritage and identity. This has for example been extended to school curricula in the regional languages and street signs becoming bilingual. All three minorities have their own cultural institute which were decreed by national law and receive state funds. The purpose of these cultural institutes is to safeguard and promote the respective culture and languages.
The Ladin minority is found in the Fassa Valley, in the municipalities of Canazei (Cianacei), Campitello di Fassa (Ciampedel), Mazzin (Mazin), Moena, Soraga and Sèn Jan di Fassa. In the census of 2001, 16,462 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.
Mòcheno is still spoken in the municipalities of Frassilongo (Garait), Palù del Fersina (Palai en Bersntol) and Fierozzo (Vlarötz), while the Cimbrian language is spoken in Luserna (Lusérn). The 2001 census found there were 2,276 native Mócheno and 882 Cimbrian speakers. A recorded percentage of 57.8% in 2001 declared themselves as belonging to the Mòcheno population in the municipality of Sant'Orsola Terme, despite the municipality not being included in the core Mòcheno-speaking area. The percentage dropped to 13% in the 2021 census. In 2021 also, a percentage of 10.2% of the inhabitants in the municipality of Terragnolo were recorded as belonging to the Cimbrian language group. 17,160 inhabitants of the Non Valley declared themselves as belonging to the Ladin linguistic minority, representing 18.2% of the valley's population. In the Val di Sole, Ladins accounted for 6.2% of the population, equal to 954 inhabitants. In Spormaggiore, the percentage was 11.3%. Legislative Decree No. 592 of December 16, 1993, introduced a 'Survey on the size and territorial distribution of the populations speaking Ladin, Mòcheno, and Cimbrian' (RCDT), in order to determine the number and geographic distribution of individuals belonging to linguistic minorities in Trentino. The survey was an integral part of the general censuses of 2001 and 2011. In 2021, it was carried out independently but during the same period as the permanent census.
| Ladin | 16,462 | 3.5% | 18,550 | 3.5% | 15,775 | 2.9% |
| Mòcheno | 2,276 | 0.5% | 1,660 | 0.3% | 1,397 | 0.3% |
| Cimbrian | 882 | 0.2% | 1 072 | 0.2% | 1,111 | 0.2% |
| +Knowledge of Ladin, Mòcheno, and Cimbrian 2021 !Language !Respondents 2021 !Understand !Speaks !Read !Write | |||||
| Ladin | 125,919 | 17.5% | 11.3% | 10.6% | 7.3% |
| Mòcheno | 4.2% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.4% | |
| Cimbrian | 4.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.3% |
The Nones language hails from the Non Valley and is considered by some linguists a variant of Ladin. Estimates range up to 30,000 speakers. The Solandro language is also under debate as to whether it is a dialect of Ladin or a separate language. Native speakers are mainly found in the Sole Valley and are estimated to be up to 15,000. Both idioms are alternatively considered as dialects within the range of Gallo-Romance languages. There is no official census to date that has Nones and Solandro as officially distinct languages. The total number of Ladin speakers in the census of 2001 exceeds the population of around 7,500 in the Fassa Valley. A number of Nones and Solandro speakers identified as Ladin speakers, while others chose not to exercise that option due to the disagreement whether or not their languages are Ladin or a separate idiom.
Also worthy of note are the cultural institutes and museums dedicated to the three minorities of the province, the Istitut cultural Ladin "majon di fascegn" in Val di Fassa and the "Kulturinstitut Bersntol - Lusérn" for the promotion of German-speaking minorities mòchene and Cimbre.
During the spring and summer, cycling is a big event in the region, such as the Giro del Trentino and Maratona dles Dolomites over the mountain passes. Cross country racing such as the Cross della Vallagarina and the 10-kilometre road running competition Giro al Sas also take place.
Association football is a popular ball sport in Trentino. Teams within the region are U.S. Alta Vallagarina, A.C. Mezzocorona, A.S.D. Porfido Albiano and Trento Calcio 1921.
Trentino Volley is a professional Italian volleyball team. It has played in the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000, while Aquila Trento is a basketball team in the Italian top league.
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