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Tanystropheidae is an extinct family of archosauromorph reptiles that lived throughout the Triassic Period, often considered to be "protorosaurs". They are characterized by their long, stiff necks formed from elongated cervical vertebrae with very long . Members of the group include both terrestrial and aquatic forms. While some tanystropheids were small lizard-like animals, other tanystropheids such as Tanystropheus were large animals that had necks that were several meters long, longer than the rest of their bodies.
Tanystropheids are known from Europe, Asia (Russia, China, and Saudi Arabia), North America and probably South America (Brazil). The presence of tanystropheids in Europe and China indicate that they lived along much of the coastline of the Tethys Ocean. However, species in western North America are found in terrestrial deposits, suggesting that as a group, tanystropheids were ecologically diverse.
Relationships among tanystropheid species have been difficult to resolve because most specimens were flattened during fossilization and are preserved two-dimensionally. Three-dimensional fossils are known from Europe and North America.
A later 2024 study grouped Tanystropheidae along with Trachelosauridae (Dinocephalosauridae) in the new broader branch-based clade, Tanysauria. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:
Phylogeny
In 2021, a phylogenetic study was conducted by S. Spiekman, N. Fraser, and T. Scheyer in an attempt to clarify the systematics of "protorosaur" groups. A total of 16 individual trees were found using different character scoring methods and unstable OTU exclusions. The following cladogram shows the results of analysis 3A. In this analysis, ratio and ordered characters are treated as such, and 5 out of 40 OTUs ( Macrocnemus obristi, Elessaurus, Tanytrachelos, Tanystropheus, and Raibliania) are pruned after the analysis to minimize polytomy:
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