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The Taifals or Tayfals ( or Theifali; ) were a people of Germanic peoples or Sarmatian origin, (2025). 9780191744457, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191744457 first documented north of the lower Danube in the mid third century AD. They experienced an unsettled and fragmented history, for the most part in association with various Goths peoples, and alternately fighting against or for the Romans. In the late fourth century some Taifali were settled within the Roman Empire, notably in western Gaul in the modern province of Poitou. They subsequently supplied mounted units to the Roman army and continued to be a significant source of cavalry for early Merovingian armies. By the sixth century their region of western Gaul had acquired a distinct identity as Thifalia.
In the late third century they settled on the Danube on both sides of the Carpathians, dividing the territory with the Goths, who maintained political authority over all of it.Wolfram, 56. In Spring 291 they formed a special alliance with the Gothic Thervingi, forming a tribal confederation from this date until 376,Wolfram, 91. and fought the Vandals and Gepids: Tervingi, pars alia Gothorum, adiuncta manu Taifalorum, adversum Vandalos Gipedesque concurrunt. Panegyrici Latini, iiixi.17, cited in Thompson, 9 n2.Wolfram, 57ff, mentions a panegyric delivered on 1 April 291 which refers to Thervings and Taiflas defeating a Vandal-Gepid coalition. Along with the Victufali, the Taifals and Thervingi were the tribes mentioned as having possessed the former Roman Dacia by 350 "at the very latest". Archaeological evidence suggests that the Gepids were contesting Transylvania, the region around the Someș River, with the Thervingi and Taifals. The Taifals were subsequently made foederati of the Romans, from whom they obtained the right to settle in Oltenia.Thompson, 4. They were at that time independent of the Goths.Musset, 36.
In 328 Constantine the Great conquered Oltenia and the Taifals, probably taking this opportunity to resettle a large number in Phrygia, in the diocese of Nicholas of Myra.Thompson, 11 and n3.Wolfram, 61 and n141. In 332 he sent his son Constantine II to attack the Thervingi, who were routed. According to Zosimus (ii.31.3), a 500-man Taifal cavalry regiment engaged the Romans in a "running fight", and there is no evidence that this campaign was a failure. Nonetheless, the Taifals largely fell into the hands of the Romans at this time.
Around 336 they revolted against Constantine and were put down by the generals Herpylion, Virius Nepotianus, and Ursus.Barnes, "Forty", 226, and "Constans", 331–332. By 358 the Taifals were independent foederati of Rome and Oltenia lay outside Roman control.Thompson, 13. They launched campaigns as allies of the Romans from their own Oltenic bases, against the Limigantes (358 and 359) and the Sarmatians (358).Wolfram, 63. However, campaigns against the Thervingi by the emperor Valens in 367 and 368 were inhibited by the independence of Oltenia. It is possible, however, that the Taifals at this time were still fighting alongside the Goths.Wolfram, 67. In 365 the emperor ordered the construction of defensive towers in Dacia Ripensis, but whether this was Oltenia is unclear.Thompson, 14 n1. Archaeological evidence evidences no sedes Taifalorum (Taifal settlements) east of the Olt River.
Sometime before their conversion to Christianity, Ammianus Marcellinus wrote:
It is said that this nation of the Taifali was so profligate, and so immersed in the foulest obscenities of life, that they indulged in all kinds of unnatural lusts, exhausting the vigour both of youth and manhood in the most polluted defilements of debauchery. But if any adult caught a boar or slew a bear single-handed, he was then exempted from all compulsion of submitting to such ignominious pollution.Ammianus, 31.IX.v. Greenberg, 243, believes this refers to practices of ritualistic homosexual pederasty among the Taifal warrior class.The Taifals were probably never Arianism. Their conversion to the Nicene creed faith probably occurred through Roman evangelism in the mid fifth century.Wolfram, 238.
The Taifals were often teamed with the Sarmatians and the Citrati iuniores by the Romans and subsequently by Clovis I. According to the Notitia Dignitatum of the early fifth century, there was a unit called the Equites Taifali established by Honorius under the comes Britanniarum in Britannia.Wolfram, 478 n562. Possibly this unit may have been sent to the island by Stilicho in 399, and they may have been the same unit as the Equites Honoriani seniores mentioned around the same time. Thus, the Equites Honoriani Taifali seniores served in Britain while the Equites Honoriani Taifali iuniores served in Gaul under the magister Equitum. The Taifali iuniores used the dragon-and-pearl device on their shields.Nickel, 139. The Equites Taifali seniores had mirrored bears holding the shield boss, as illustrated in the Notitia Dignitatum. The Notitia also lists a unit called the Comites Taifali in the Eastern Empire, which was probably formed in the reign of Theodosius I.Nischer, 51.
Some Taifals were settled in Phrygia in the late fourth century. Arethas of Caesarea, writing in the tenth century, mentions them alongside the Gothograeci, leading Gustav Anrich to suggest that these Phrygian Taifals were the ancestors of the Gothograeci of the 7th–10th centuries.Haldon, 369–370.
The village of Tealby (originally Tavelesbi, Tauelesbi or Teflesbi) in the former kingdom of Lindsey may preserve the name of some Taifali who remained in Britain after the Roman withdrawal in 410. If so, it suggests the unattested Old English tribal name * Tāflas or * Tǣflas.Green, passim.
Under the Merovingians, Theiphalia had its own dux (duke).Bachrach, Merovingian, 29 and 38. It is possible that the Taifal laeti who had served the Romans also served as garrisons for the Franks, but this is not referred to in primary records.Dalton, I, 226, who calls them foederati. The laeti were formally integrated into the Merovingian military establishment under Childebert I.Dalton, I, 44. Gregory of Tours, the principal source for the Taifals in the sixth century, says that a certain Frankish dux named Austrapius "oppressed" the Taifals (probably in the vicinity of Tiffauges); they revolted and killed him.Gregory, IV.18. The last mention of the Taifals as a distinct gens dates from year 565,In Gregory, Wolfram, 238. Gregory's generally friendly attitude towards the Taifals attests to their orthodoxy and to their relative lack of Gothicisation considering their many years spent in Gothic alliances. but their Oltenic remnants almost certainly took part in the Lombards migration and invasion of Italy in 568.Musset, 88.
The most famous Taifal was Senoch, who founded an abbey at the Roman ruins which are now called Saint-Senoch.Gregory, V.7. The Taifal influence extended into the ninth century and their fortresses, like Tiffauges and Lusignan, continued in use under the Carolingians.Bachrach, Aquitaine, 24. It has even been suggested that the Asiatic Taifals and Sarmatians influenced the Germanic arts.Dalton, I, 172 n7. They also left their mark in the municipal nomenclature of the region: asides from Tiffauges, mentioned above, Taphaleschat in Corrèze, Touffailles and Cazes-Mondenard in Aquitaine, and Chauffailles (formerly Taïfailia) in Burgundy owe their names to Taifal settlement. Perhaps the town of Tafalla in the Navarre owes its name to these people, but if so, it is unknown if the Taifals were established in Hispania (probably to subdue the Basques) by the Romans before 412 or by the Visigoths after that. The town of Taivola in northern Italy was also a Taifal settlement.Wolfram, 92.
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