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Syrmia (separator=" / "; ; ) is a region of the southern Pannonian Plain, which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is divided between Serbia and Croatia. Most of the region is flat, with the exception of the low Fruška Gora mountain stretching along the Danube in its northern part.
Srem (Срем) and Srijem (label=none) are used to designate the region in Serbia and Croatia respectively. Other names for the region include:
At the beginning of the 11th century, the ruler of Syrmia was Duke Sermon, vassal of the Bulgarian emperor Samuel. There had been Bulgar resistance to Byzantine rule. This collapsed and Sermon, who refused to capitulate was captured and killed by Constantine Diogenes. A new but ultimately short lived area of governance named the Thema of Sirmium was established. It included the region of Syrmia and what is now Mačva. In 1071, Hungarians took over the region of Syrmia, but the Byzantine Empire reconquered the province after the victory over the Hungarians in the Battle of Sirmium. Byzantine rule ended in 1180, when Syrmia was taken again by the Hungarians.
In 1404, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor ceded part of Syrmia to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia. (1986). 9783412074845, Akad. K. ISBN 9783412074845
From 1459, the Hungarian kings endorsed the House of Branković and later, the Berislavići Grabarski family as the titular heads of the Serbian Despotate of which Syrmia was a part. They resided in Kupinik (modern-day Kupinovo). The local rulers included Vuk Grgurević (1471 to 1485); Đorđe Branković (1486 to 1496), Jovan Branković (1496 to 1502), Ivaniš Berislavić (1504 to 1514), and Stjepan Berislavić (1520 to 1535). In 1522, the last of the titular Serbian despots in Syrmia, Stjepan Berislavić, moved to Slavonia, ahead of invading Ottoman Empire forces. Another important local governor was Laurence of Ilok, Duke of Syrmia (1477 to 1524), who reigned over large parts of the region from Ilok.
In 1699, the Habsburg monarchy took western Syrmia from the Ottomans as part of the Treaty of Karlowitz.Stoye J. Marsigli's Europe, 1680-1730 Yale University Press, 1994 p185 , 9780300055429 Accessed at Google Books 3 August 2016. Until the Treaty of Passarowitz at the end of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18, remainder of Syrmia was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier.
At the end of the Austro-Russian-Turkish War of 1735–1739, there was a migration of Albanians from the Kelmendi tribe to Syrmia, who were recorded as speaking Albanian as late as 1921. Karl Gottlieb von Windisch: On the Kelmendi in Syrmia
In 1745, the Syrmia County was established as part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Slavonia. During the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), there were émigrés from Serbia who settled in Syrmia.
In 1848, most of Syrmia was part of short-lived Serbian Vojvodina, a Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. By a 1849 decree of the Emperor Franz Joseph, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was created, comprising Northern Syrmia, including Ilok and Ruma. (1984). 9783853695784, VWGÖ. ISBN 9783853695784
After 1860, the Syrmia County was re-established and returned to the Kingdom of Slavonia. In 1868, the Kingdom of Slavonia became part of Croatia-Slavonia in the Kingdom of Hungary.
From 1918 to 1922, Syrmia remained within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and from 1922 to 1929, Syrmia was a province ( oblast). In 1929, after a new territorial division, Syrmia was divided between Danube Banovina and Drina Banovina, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and in 1931, it was divided between Danube Banovina and Sava Banovina. In 1939, the western part of Syrmia was included into the newly formed Banovina of Croatia.
In 1941, Syrmia was occupied by the World War II Axis powers and its entire territory was ceded to the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet state. The fascist Ustashe regime systematically murdered Serbs (as part of the Genocide of the Serbs), Jews (The Holocaust), Romani people (Romani genocide), and some political dissidents. Nowhere in occupied Europe were more church-historical monuments destroyed than in the Independent State of Croatia. The greatest destruction took place in Srem. The Ustashe occupiers targeted parish churches and the monasteries of Fruška Gora, which housed rich treasuries and libraries. Their goal was the eradication of historical traces of the Serb presence in these areas.
In August 1942, following the joint military anti-partisan operation in the Syrmia by the Ustashe and German Wehrmacht, it turned into a Syrmia massacre that left up to 7,000 Serbs dead. Among those killed was the prominent painter Sava Šumanović, who was arrested along with 150 residents of Šid. In 1945, with the creation of new borders, eastern Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Serbia, while western Syrmia became part of the People's Republic of Croatia.
In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, and the Croatian War of Independence ensued shortly thereafter. The Serbs self-proclaimed in one part western Syrmia an autonomous region called the "Serbian Autonomous Region of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia". This region was one of the two Serbian autonomous regions that formed the self-declared and unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina. The region was ethnically cleansed of its Croat and some other non-Serb population leading to some of the most serious violation of human rights including the Lovas killings, the Tovarnik massacre, the Vukovar massacre, and other crimes. The autonomous regions lasted until 1995, when it was Erdut Agreement. After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the Croatian part of Syrmia were designated Areas of Special State Concern.
According to the 2021 census in Croatia, the territory of Croatian part of Syrmia (the Vukovar-Srijem county), had a population of 143,113 inhabitants, composed of 81.6% of Croats and 13.5% of
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Syrmia's only mountain is Fruška Gora with its highest peak, Crveni Čot, at 539 m.
The Syrmian villages of Neštin and Vizić are part of the municipality of Bačka Palanka, the main part of which is in Bačka. Several settlements that are part of the City of Sremska Mitrovica are located in Syrmia in Mačva.
Cities and municipalities in Croatian Syrmia:
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