Product Code Database
Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands, is an archipelago in Scotland lying between Orkney, the Faroe Islands, and Norway, marking the northernmost region of the United Kingdom. The islands lie about to the northeast of Orkney, from mainland Scotland and west of Norway.
They form part of the border between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. The islands' area is and the population totalled in . The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament. The islands' administrative centre, largest settlement and only burgh is Lerwick, which has been the capital of Shetland since 1708, before which time the capital was Scalloway. Due to its location it is accessible only by ferry or flight with an airport located in Sumburgh as well as a port and emergency airstrip in Lerwick.
The archipelago has an oceanic climate, complex geology, rugged coastline, and many low, rolling hills. The largest island, known as "the Mainland", has an area of ,Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 406 and is the fifth-largest island in the British Isles. It is one of 16 inhabited islands in Shetland.
Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period. Picts are known to have been the original inhabitants of the islands, before the Norse conquest and subsequent colonisation in the Early Middle Ages. From the 10th to 15th centuries, the islands formed part of the Norway. In 1472, the Parliament of Scotland absorbed the Lordship of Shetland into the Kingdom of Scotland, following the failure to pay a dowry promised to James III of Scotland by the family of his bride, Margaret of Denmark.
After Scotland and England united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, trade between Shetland and continental Northern Europe decreased. The discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s significantly boosted Shetland's economy, employment and public-sector revenues. Fishing has always been an important part of the islands' economy.
The local way of life reflects the Norse heritage of the isles, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical tradition, especially the traditional fiddle style. Almost all place names in the islands have Norse origin. The islands have produced a variety of prose writers and poets, who have often written in the distinctive Shetland dialect of the Scots language. Many areas on the islands have been set aside to protect the local fauna and flora, including a number of important seabird nesting sites. The Shetland pony and Shetland Sheepdog are two well-known Shetland animal breeds. Other animals with local breeds include the Shetland sheep, Shetland cattle, Shetland goose, and Shetland duck. The Shetland pig, or grice, has been extinct since about 1930.
The islands' motto, which appears on the Council's coat of arms, is "Með lögum skal land byggja" ("By law shall the land be built"). The phrase is of Old Norse origin, is mentioned in Njáls saga, and was likely borrowed from provincial Norwegian and Danish laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.
In AD 43, the Roman author Pomponius Mela made reference in his writing to seven islands he called the Haemodae. In AD 77, Pliny the Elder called these same lands the Acmodae. Scholars have inferred that both of these references are to islands in the Shetland group. Another possible early written reference to the islands is Tacitus' report in Agricola in AD 98. After he described the Roman discovery and conquest of Orkney, he added that the Roman fleet had seen "Thule, too".
In Old Irish literature, Shetland is referred to as Insi Catt — "the Isles of Cats" (meaning the island inhabited by the tribe called Cat). This may have been the pre-Norse inhabitants' name for the islands. Cat was the name of a Pictish people who occupied parts of the northern Scottish mainland (see Kingdom of Cat); and their name survives in the names of the county of Caithness and in the Scottish Gaelic name for Sutherland, Cataibh, which means "among the Cats".Watson (1994) p. 30
The oldest known version of the modern name Shetland is Hetland; this may represent "Catland", the Germanic language softening the C- to H- according to Grimm's law (also coinciding with Jennings' hypothesis for the early sound shift necessary for descent from *kalid- to *halit-, from Caledones). It occurs in a letter written by Harald, earl of Orkney, Shetland and Caithness, in ca. 1190.Diplomatarium Norvegicum. p.2 1190 Dilectissimis amicis suis et hominibus Haraldus Orcardensis, Hetlandensis et Catanesie comes salutem. archive.org By 1431, the islands were being referred to as Hetland, after various intermediate transformations. It is possible that the Picts "cat" sound contributed to this Old Norse name. In the 16th century, Shetland was referred to as Hjaltland.Gammeltoft (2010) p. 21-22Sandnes (2010) p. 9
Gradually, the Scandinavian Norn language previously spoken by the inhabitants of the islands was replaced by the Shetland dialect of Scots language and Hjaltland became Ȝetland. The initial letter is the Middle Scots letter, yogh, the pronunciation of which is almost identical to the original Norn sound, . When the use of the letter yogh was discontinued, it was often replaced by the similar-looking letter z (which at the time was usually rendered with a curled tail: ⟨ʒ⟩) hence Zetland, the form used in the name of the pre-1975 county council.Jones (1997) p. 210 "Zetland County Council" shetlopedia.com. Retrieved 16 July 2009 This is the source of the ZE postcode used for Shetland.
Most of the islands have Norse language names, although the derivations of some may be pre-Norse, Pictish language or even pre-Celtic languages names or elements.Gammeltoft (2010) p. 19
Lerwick, the capital and largest settlement, has a population of 6,958. About half of the archipelago's total population of 22,920 people live within of the town. "Visit Shetland" . Visit.Shetland.org Retrieved 25 December 2010
Scalloway on the west coast, which was the capital until 1708, has a population of fewer than 1,000 people.Shetland Islands Council (2010) p. 10
Only 16 of about 100 islands are inhabited. The main island of the group is known as Mainland. The next largest are Yell, Unst, and Fetlar, which lie to the north, and Bressay and Whalsay, which lie to the east. East Burra and West Burra, Muckle Roe, Papa Stour, Trondra, and Vaila are smaller islands to the west of Mainland. The other inhabited islands are Foula west of Walls, Fair Isle south-west of Sumburgh Head, and the Out Skerries to the east.
The uninhabited islands include Mousa, known for the Broch of Mousa, the finest preserved example of an Iron Age broch; Noss to the east of Bressay, which has been a national nature reserve since 1955; St Ninian's Isle, connected to Mainland by the largest active tombolo in the United Kingdom; and Out Stack, the northernmost point of the British Isles.Hansom, J.D. (2003) "St Ninian's Tombolo". (pdf) Coastal Geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review. Retrieved 13 March 2011 "Get-a-map" , Ordnance Survey, Retrieved 7 March 2011Fojut, Noel (1981) "Is Mousa a broch?" Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 111 pp. 220–228 Shetland's location means that it provides a number of such records: Muness Castle is the most northerly castle in the United Kingdom and Skaw the most northerly settlement. "Skaw (Unst)" , Shetlopedia, Retrieved 13 March 2011
The geology of Shetland is complex, with numerous faults and fold axes. These islands are the northern outpost of the Caledonian orogeny, and there are outcrops of Lewisian complex, Dalradian and Moine Supergroup metamorphic rocks with histories similar to their equivalents on the Scottish mainland. There are also Old Red Sandstone deposits and granite intrusions. The most distinctive feature is the ophiolite in Unst and Fetlar which is a remnant of the Iapetus Ocean floor made up of ultramafic peridotite and gabbro.Gillen (2003) pp. 90–91
Much of Shetland's economy depends on the oil-bearing sediments in the surrounding seas.Keay & Keay (1994) p. 867 Geological evidence shows that in around 6100 BC a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide hit Shetland, as well as the west coast of Norway, and may have created a wave of up to high in the Firth where modern populations are highest.Smith, David "Tsunami hazards" , Fettes.com, Retrieved 7 March 2011
The highest point of Shetland is Ronas Hill at . The Pleistocene glaciations entirely covered the islands. During that period, the Stanes of Stofast, a 2000-tonne glacial erratic, came to rest on a prominent hilltop in Lunnasting.Schei (2006) pp. 103–04
It has been estimated that there are about 275 sea stacks in Scotland of which circa 110 are located around the coasts of Shetland. For many of them there is no record of there having been any attempt by rock climbing to ascend them.
Shetland has a national scenic area which, unusually, includes a number of discrete locations: Fair Isle, Foula, South West Mainland (including the Scalloway Islands), Muckle Roe, Esha Ness, Fethaland and Hermaness. The total area covered by the designation is 41,833 hectares, of which 26,347 ha is marine (i.e. below low tide).
In October 2018, legislation came into force in Scotland to prevent public bodies, without good reason, showing Shetland in a separate box in maps, as had often been the practice. The legislation requires the islands to be "displayed in a manner that accurately and proportionately represents their geographical location in relation to the rest of Scotland", so as make clear the islands' real distance from other areas.Islands (Scotland) Act 2018 section 17;
The general character of the climate is windy, cloudy and often wet, with at least of rain falling on more than 250 days a year. Average yearly precipitation is , with November through January the wettest months, averaging 5.6 to 5.9 inches of precipitation, mostly rain. Snowfall is usually confined to the period November to February, and snow seldom lies on the ground for more than a day. Snow generally falls in the form of cumulonimbus or towering cumulus showers produced by the resultant instability when sea-surface temperatures are warm relative to colder air aloft. Snow very rarely, if ever, falls steady for prolonged periods. Somewhat less precipitation falls from April to July, although on average, no month receives less than . Fog is common during summer due to the cooling effect of the sea on mild southerly airflows.
Because of the islands' latitude, on clear winter nights the aurora borealis can sometimes be seen in the sky, while in summer there is almost perpetual daylight, a state of affairs known locally as the "simmer dim". "The Climate of Shetland" , Visit Shetland, Retrieved 11 May 2012 Annual bright sunshine averages 1110 hours, and overcast days are common.
| +
!Settlement
!Population () | |
| Lerwick | |
| Scalloway | |
| Brae |
For town planning purposes, Shetland Islands Council has identified eight 'Tier 1' settlements, being areas with the greatest concentration of services and facilities. They are the three settlements in the table above, plus Aith, Baltasound, Mid Yell, Sandwick, and Symbister.
List of inhabited islands and their populations:
| + !rowspan=2 | Island !colspan=4 style="background:#eaecf0ff; text-align: center;" | Population | ||
| Shetland Mainland | 17,562 | 17,550 | 18,765 | 18,763 |
| Whalsay | 1,041 | 1,034 | 1,061 | 1,005 |
| Yell | 1,075 | 957 | 966 | 904 |
| West Burra | 817 | 753 | 776 | 772 |
| Unst | 1,055 | 720 | 632 | 644 |
| Bressay | 352 | 384 | 368 | 345 |
| Trondra | 117 | 133 | 135 | 152 |
| Muckle Roe | 115 | 104 | 130 | 128 |
| East Burra | 72 | 66 | 76 | 105 |
| Fair Isle | 67 | 69 | 68 | 44 |
| Fetlar | 90 | 86 | 61 | 66 |
| Housay | 58 | 50 | 50 | 21 |
| Foula | 40 | 31 | 38 | 17 |
| Bruray | 27 | 26 | 24 | 16 |
| Papa Stour | 33 | 23 | 15 | 7 |
| Vaila | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Pottery shards found at the important site of Jarlshof also indicate that there was Neolithic activity there although the main settlement dates from the Bronze Age.Nicolson (1972) pp. 33–35 This includes a Forge, a cluster of wheelhouses and a later broch. The site has provided evidence of habitation during various phases right up until Viking times.Kirk, William "Prehistoric Scotland: The Regional Dimension" in Clapperton (1983) p. 106 Heel-shaped cairns, are a style of chambered cairn unique to Shetland, with a particularly large example in Vementry.
Numerous brochs were erected during the Iron Age. In addition to Mousa there are significant ruins at Clickimin, Culswick, Old Scatness and West Burrafirth, although their origin and purpose is a matter of some controversy.Armit (2003) pp. 24–26 The later Iron Age inhabitants of the Northern Isles were probably Pictish, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century AD: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence".Hunter (2000) pp. 44, 49 In 2011, the collective site, "The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland", including Broch of Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof, joined the UKs "Tentative List" of World Heritage Sites. "From Chatham to Chester and Lincoln to the Lake District — 38 UK places put themselves forward for World Heritage status" (7 July 2010) Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Retrieved 7 March 2011 "Sites make Unesco world heritage status bid shortlist" (22 March 2011) BBC Scotland. Retrieved 22 March 2011
then used the islands as a base for pirate expeditions to Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland. In response, Norwegian king Harald Hårfagre ("Harald Fair Hair") annexed the Northern Isles (comprising Orkney and Shetland) in 875. Rognvald Eysteinsson received the Earldom of Orkney, which then included Shetland, from Harald as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty.Thomson (2008) p. 24 Sigurd went on to conquer further territory; by the time of his death in 892, the earldom of Orkney stretched from Shetland down to Caithness and Sutherland on mainland Britain. (2025). 9781862321519, Tuckwell Press. ISBN 9781862321519
The islands converted to Christianity in the late 10th century. King Olaf I Tryggvason summoned the earl Sigurd the Stout during a visit to Orkney and said, "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel". Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed, and the islands became Christian at a stroke.Thomson (2008) p. 69 quoting the Orkneyinga Saga chapter 12.
The Scottish crown claimed the overlordship of the Caithness and Sutherland area from Norway in 1098.
In 1194, when Harald Maddadsson was Earl of Orkney, a rebellion broke out against King Sverre Sigurdsson of Norway. The Eyjarskeggjar ("Island Beardies") sailed for Norway but were beaten in the Battle of Florvåg near Bergen. After his victory, King Sverre placed Shetland under direct Norwegian rule in 1195 as the 'Lordship of Shetland', removing it from the earldom of Orkney.Schei (2006) p. 13Nicolson (1972) p. 43
From the early 15th century onward Shetlanders sold their goods through the Hanseatic League of German merchantmen. The Hansa would buy shiploads of salted fish, wool and butter, and import salt, cloth, beer and other goods. The late 16th century and early 17th century were dominated by the influence of the despotic Robert Stewart, Earl of Orkney, who was granted the islands by his half-sister Mary Queen of Scots, and his son Patrick. The latter commenced the building of Scalloway Castle, but after his imprisonment in 1609, the Crown annexed Orkney and Shetland again until 1643, when Charles I granted them to William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton. These rights were held on and off by the Mortons until 1766, when they were sold by James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton to Laurence Dundas.Schei (2006) pp. 14–16Nicolson (1972) pp. 56–57
Population increased to a maximum of 31,670 in 1861. However, British rule came at a price for many ordinary people as well as traders. The Shetlanders' nautical skills were sought by the Royal Navy. Some 3,000 served during the Napoleonic wars from 1800 to 1815 and impressment were rife. During this period 120 men were taken from Fetlar alone, and only 20 of them returned home. By the late 19th century 90% of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people, and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8,000 Shetlanders emigrated. Ursula Smith" , Shetlopedia, Retrieved 12 October 2008Schei (2006) pp. 16–17, 57 With the passing of the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 the Liberal prime minister William Gladstone emancipated crofters from the rule of the landlords. The Act enabled those who had effectively been landowners' serfs to become owner-occupiers of their own small farms. "A History of Shetland" , Visit.Shetland.org, Retrieved 16 January 2013 By this time fishermen from Holland, who had traditionally gathered each year off the coast of Shetland to fish for herring, triggered an industry in the islands that boomed from around 1880 until the 1920s when stocks of the fish began to dwindle.Hutton Guthrie, (2009), Old Shetland, Catrine Ayrshire, Stenlake Publishing, p. 3 The production peaked in 1905 at more than a million barrels, of which 708,000 were exported.
During World War II, a Norwegian naval unit nicknamed the "Shetland bus" was established by the Special Operations Executive in the autumn of 1940 with a base first at Lunna House and later in Scalloway to conduct operations around the coast of Norway. About 30 fishing vessels used by Norwegian refugees were gathered and the Shetland Bus conducted covert operations, carrying intelligence agents, refugees, instructors for the resistance, and military supplies. It made over 200 trips across the sea, and Leif Larsen, the most highly decorated allied naval officer of the war, made 52 of them. "The Shetland Bus" , scotsatwar.org.uk, Retrieved 23 March 2011 "Shetlands-Larsen — Statue/monument" , Kulturnett Hordaland, (Norwegian), Retrieved 26 March 2011 Several RAF airfields and sites were also established at Sullom Voe and several lighthouses suffered enemy air attacks.
Oil reserves discovered in the later 20th century in the seas both east and west of Shetland have provided a much-needed alternative source of income for the islands. The East Shetland Basin is one of Europe's prolific petroleum provinces. As a result of the oil revenue and the cultural links with Norway, a small Home Rule movement developed briefly to recast the constitutional position of Shetland. It saw as its models the Isle of Man, as well as Shetland's closest neighbour, the Faroe Islands, an autonomous dependency of Denmark.Tallack, Malachy (2 April 2007) Fair Isle: Independence thinking , London, New Statesman
The population stood at 17,814 in 1961.
As of February 2021, information on the Promote Shetland Web site indicated that "Shetland is less reliant on tourism than many Scottish islands" and that oil was an important sector of the economy. The "process of gradually transitioning from oil to clean renewable energy ... production of clean hydrogen" was also emphasized. Fishing remained the primary sector and was expected to grow.
A report published in October 2020 was optimistic about the future of this sector in: "With new fish markets in Lerwick and Scalloway, and plans to expand its aquaculture offerings in Yell, Shetland is preparing for more growth in its biggest industry".
As of February 2021, the Promote Shetland website stated that "more fish is landed in Shetland than in England, Wales and Northern Ireland combined', that "Shetland harvests 40,000 tonnes of salmon a year, worth £180 million" and that "6,500 tonnes of mussels are grown in Shetland, more than 80 per cent of the total Scottish production".
In January 2007, the Shetland Islands Council signed a partnership agreement with Scottish and Southern Energy for the Viking Wind Farm, a 200-turbine wind farm and subsea cable. This renewable energy project would produce about 600 watt and contribute about £20 million to the Shetland economy per year. "Powering on with island wind plan" , (19 January 2007), BBC News, Retrieved 19 March 2011 The plan met with significant opposition within the islands, primarily resulting from the anticipated visual impact of the development. "Shetlands storm over giant wind farm" , (9 March 2008), London, The Observer, Retrieved 19 March 2011 However, in August 2024 the completion of the first part of the project saw Shetland connected to the mainland National Grid for the first time via a 600 MW HVDC link.
The PURE project in Unst is a research centre which uses a combination of wind power and to create a wind-hydrogen system. The project is run by the Unst Partnership, the local community's development trust.
A status report on hydrogen production in Shetland, published in September 2020, stated that Shetland Islands Council (SIC) had "joined a number of organisations and projects to drive forward plans to establish hydrogen as a future energy source for the isles and beyond". For example, it was a member of the Scottish Hydrogen Fuel Cell Association (SHFCA). The ORION project, previously named the Shetland Energy Hub, was underway; the plan was to create an energy hub that would use clean electricity in the development of "new technologies such as blue and green hydrogen generation".
In December 2020 the Scottish government released a hydrogen policy statement with plans for incorporating both Blue hydrogen and green hydrogen for use in heating, transportation and industry.Stones, Jake (22 December 2020) “Scotland outlines hydrogen policy to 2045” . ICIS. Retrieved 2 January 2021. The government also planned an investment of £100 million in the hydrogen sector "for the £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies Fund". Shetland Islands Council planned to obtain further specifics about the availability of funding. The government had already agreed that the production of "green" hydrogen from wind power near Sullom Voe Terminal was a valid plan. A December 2020 report stated that "the extensive terminal could also be used for direct refuelling of hydrogen-powered ships" and suggested that the fourth jetty at Sullom Voe "could be suitable for ammonia export".
Knitwear is important both to the economy and culture of Shetland, and the Fair Isle design is well known. However, the industry faces challenges due to plagiarism of the word "Shetland" by manufacturers operating elsewhere, and a certification trademark, "The Shetland Lady", has been registered.Shetland Islands Council (2005) p. 25
Crofting, the farming of small plots of land on a legally restricted tenancy basis, is still practised and is viewed as a key Shetland tradition as well as an important source of income. "Crofting FAQS" , Scottish Crofting Federation, Retrieved 19 March 2011 Crops raised include oats and barley; however, the cold, windswept islands make for a harsh environment for most plants.
According to the Promote Shetland organisation's website, tourism increased "by £12.6 million between 2017 and 2019 with more than half of visitors giving their trip a perfect rating".
An October 2018 report stated that 91,000 passengers from cruise ships arrived that year (a record high), an increase over the 70,000 in 2017. There was a drop in 2019 to "over 76,000 cruise ship passengers".
As of early February 2021, the Promote Shetland website was still stating this information: "At present, nobody should travel to Shetland from a Level 3 or Level 4 local authority area in Scotland, unless it's for essential purposes". That page reiterated the government recommendation "that people avoid any unnecessary travel between Scotland and England, Wales, or Northern Ireland".
A September 2020 report stated that "The Highlands and Islands region has been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to date, when compared to Scotland and the UK as a whole". The tourism industry required short-term support for "business survival and recovery" and that was expected to continue as the sector was "severely impacted for as long as physical distancing and travel restrictions" remained in place. As of 31 December 2020, the usage of ferries and buses was restricted to those travelling for essential purposes. The Island Equivalent scheme was introduced in early 2021 by the Scottish government to financially assist hospitality and retail businesses "affected by Level 3 coronavirus restrictions". Previous schemes in 2020 included the Strategic Framework Business Fund and the Coronavirus Business Support Fund.
Sumburgh Airport, the main airport in Shetland, is located close to Sumburgh Head, south of Lerwick. Loganair operates flights to other parts of Scotland up to ten times a day, the destinations being Kirkwall, Aberdeen, Inverness, Glasgow and Edinburgh. "Sumburgh Airport" Highlands and Islands Airports. Retrieved 16 March 2011 Tingwall Airport is located west of Lerwick. Operated by Directflight in partnership with Shetland Islands Council, it is devoted to inter-island flights from the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle and Foula Airfield. "Shetland Inter-Island Scheduled Service", directflight.co.uk, Retrieved 11 May 2012
Public bus services are operated in Mainland, Trondra, Burra, Unst and Yell, with scheduled dial-a-ride services available in Bressay and Fetlar. Buses also connect with ferries leading to Foula, Papa Stour, and Whalsay.Shetland Islands Council, (2010), p. 34
Given that the archipelago is exposed to wind and tide, there are numerous sites of wrecked ships. are sited as an aid to navigation at various locations. "Lighthouse Library" Northern Lighthouse Board, Retrieved 8 July 2010
Commissioners of Supply were established in 1667 for each shire across Scotland. Unusually, despite being one shire, Shetland and Orkney were given separate bodies of commissioners. More local government functions were gradually given to the commissioners over time. At a court case in 1829, the Court of Session declined to rule on whether Shetland and Orkney were one county or two. They operated as one county for the purposes of the administration of justice, lieutenancy, and parliamentary constituencies, but operated as two counties for local government functions.
Elected county councils were created in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The 1889 Act also directed that Shetland and Orkney were to be separate counties (with the act using the then-prevalent spelling of 'Zetland' for Shetland). Zetland County Council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at the County Buildings, Lerwick, which had been built in 1875 and served as Shetland's main courthouse and also served as the meeting place for the commissioners of supply.
Local government was reformed in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, and landward districts. In most of Scotland a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts was used, but a single-tier structure of island areas was used for Shetland, Orkney and the Western Isles. Further local government reform in 1996 introduced single-tier council areas across all of Scotland. The councils of the three island areas created in 1975 continued to provide the same services after 1996, but their areas were re-designated as council areas.
Shetland's civil parishes are: "Map of Parishes in the Islands of Orkney and Shetland" , scotlandsfamily.com, Retrieved 19 July 2013
In the 2011 census, Shetland registered a higher proportion of people with no religion than the Scottish average. Nevertheless, a variety of religious denominations are represented in the islands.
The Methodist Church has a relatively high membership in Shetland, which is a District of the Methodist Church (with the rest of Scotland comprising a separate District). "Area 3 Districts" , methodist.org.uk, Retrieved 20 March 2011
The Church of Scotland had a Presbytery of Shetland that includes St. Columba's Church in Lerwick. "Lerwick and Bressay Parish Church Profile" , (pdf), shetland-communities.org.uk, Retrieved 20 March 2011 On 1 June 2020 the Presbytery of Shetland merged with the Presbytery of Aberdeen becoming the Presbytery of Aberdeen and Shetland. In addition there was further church reorganisation in the islands with a series of church closures and all parishes merging into one, covering the whole of Shetland.
In the Scottish Parliament the Shetland constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system. Tavish Scott of the Scottish Liberal Democrats had held the seat since the creation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "Tavish Scott MSP" , Scottish Parliament, Retrieved 20 March 2011 Beatrice Wishart MSP, also of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, was elected to replace Tavish Scott in August 2019. Shetland is also within the Highlands and Islands electoral region which elects seven MSPs.
The political composition of the Shetland Islands Council is 21 Independents and 1 Scottish National Party.
The Wir Shetland movement was set up in 2015 to campaign for greater autonomy. Shetland Islands toy with idea of post-Brexit independence , EurActiv, 16 February 2017 In September 2020, the Shetland Islands Council voted 18–2 to explore replacing the council with a new system of government which controls a fairer share of the islands revenue streams and has a greater influence over their own affairs, which could include very lucrative oil fields and fishing waters.
In 2022, as part of the Levelling Up White Paper, an "Island Forum" was proposed, which would allow local policymakers and residents in Shetland to work alongside their counterparts in Orkney, the Outer Hebrides, Anglesey and the Isle of Wight on common issues, such as broadband connectivity, and provide a platform for them to communicate directly with the government on the challenges island communities face in terms of levelling up.
The Lerwick Up Helly Aa is one of several fire festivals held in Shetland annually in the middle of winter, starting on the last Tuesday of January. "Welcome to Up Helly Aa" , uphellyaa.org, Retrieved 8 December 2013 The festival is just over 100 years old in its present, highly organised form. Originally held to break up the long nights of winter and mark the end of Yule, the festival has become one celebrating the isles' heritage and includes a procession of men dressed as Vikings and the burning of a replica longship. "Up Helly Aa" , visit.shetland.org, Retrieved 20 March 2011
Shetland also competes in the biennial International Island Games, which it hosted in 2005. "Member Profile: Shetland Islands" , International Island Games Association, Retrieved 20 March 2011
The cuisine of Shetland is based on locally produced lamb, beef and seafood, some of it organic food. The real ale-producing Valhalla Brewery is the most northerly in Britain. The Shetland Black is a variety of blue potato with a dark skin and indigo-coloured flesh markings. "Food and drink" , visit.shetland.org, Retrieved 11 May 2012
The annual Shetland Folk Festival began in 1981 and is hosted on the first weekend of May.
Hugh MacDiarmid, the Scots poet and writer, lived in Whalsay from the mid-1930s through 1942, and wrote many poems there, including a number that directly address or reflect the Shetland environment, such as "On A Raised Beach", which was inspired by a visit to West Linga. "Hugh MacDiarmid" , shetlopedia.com, Retrieved 8 March 2011 The 1975 novel North Star by Hammond Innes is largely set in Shetland and Raman Mundair's 2007 book of poetry A Choreographer's Cartography offers a British Asian perspective on the landscape.Morgan, Gavin (19 April 2008) "Shetland author wins acclaim", Shetland News, Retrieved 26 March 2011 The Shetland Quartet by Ann Cleeves, who previously lived in Fair Isle, is a series of crime novels set around the islands. "Shetland" , anncleeves.com, Retrieved 8 December 2013 In 2013, her novel Red Bones became the basis of BBC crime drama television series Shetland. "Shetland" , BBC, Retrieved 8 December 2013
Vagaland, who grew up in Walls, was arguably Shetland's finest poet of the 20th century. "Vagaland" , shetlopedia.com, Retrieved 8 March 2011 Haldane Burgess was a Shetland historian, poet, novelist, violinist, linguist and socialist, and Rhoda Bulter (1929–1994) is one of the best-known Shetland poets of recent times. Other 20th- and 21st-century poets and novelists include Christine De Luca, Robert Alan Jamieson who grew up in Sandness, the late Lollie Graham of Veensgarth, Stella Sutherland of Bressay, "Shetland Writing and Writers: Stella Sutherland" , Shetland Islands Council, Retrieved 6 January 2014 the late William J. Tait from Yell "William J. (Billy) Tait" , Shetland For Wirds, Retrieved 6 January 2014 and Laureen Johnson. "Shetland Writing and Writers: Laureen Johnson" , Shetland Islands Council, Retrieved 6 January 2014
There is one monthly magazine in production: Shetland. "Home" , Millgaet Media, Retrieved 17 March 2011 The quarterly The New Shetlander, founded in 1947, is said to be Scotland's longest-running literary magazine. "The New Shetlander" , Voluntary Action Shetland, Retrieved 8 December 2013 For much of the later 20th century, it was the major vehicle for the work of local writers – and of others, including early work by George Mackay Brown. "Life and Work: Part 3", , George Mackay Brown website, Retrieved 8 December 2013
A number of other films have been made on or about Shetland including A Crofter's Life in Shetland (1932), "A Crofter's Life in Shetland" , screenonline.org.uk, Retrieved 12 October 2008 A Shetland Lyric (1934), "The Rugged Island: A Shetland Lyric" , IMDb, Retrieved 12 October 2008 Devil's Gate (2003) and It's Nice Up North (2006), a comedy documentary by Graham Fellows. The Screenplay film festival takes place annually in Mareel, a cinema, music and education venue.
The BBC One television series Shetland, a crime drama, is set in the islands and is based on the book series by Ann Cleeves. The programme is filmed partly in Shetland and partly on the Scottish mainland.
One of the early that wrote about the wealth of birdlife in Shetland was Edmund Selous (1857–1934) in his book The Bird Watcher in the Shetlands (1905). He wrote extensively about the gulls and terns, about the , the and many other birds (and the seals) of the islands.
The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna and the brown rat and house mouse are two of only three species of rodent present in the islands. The Shetland field mouse is the third and the archipelago's fourth endemic subspecies, of which there are three varieties in Yell, Foula, and Fair Isle. They are variants of Wood mouse and archaeological evidence suggests that this species was present during the Middle Iron Age (around 200 BC to 400 CE). It is possible that Apodemus was introduced from Orkney where a population has existed since at the least the Bronze Age.
(2025). 9781788853408, John Donald. ISBN 9781788853408 The jarls thereafter owed allegiance to the Scottish crown for their territory on mainland Britain, which they held as the Mormaer of Caithness, but owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown for Orkney and Shetland.Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) p. 64.
Increased Scottish interest
From the mid-13th century onwards Scottish monarchs increasingly sought to take control of the islands surrounding their seas. The process was begun in earnest by Alexander II and was continued by his successor Alexander III. This strategy eventually led to an invasion of Scotland by Haakon IV Haakonsson, King of Norway. His fleet assembled in Bressay Sound before sailing for Scotland. After the stalemate of the Battle of Largs, Haakon retreated to Orkney, where he died in December 1263, entertained on his deathbed by recitations of the sagas. His death halted any further Norwegian expansion in Scotland and following this ill-fated expedition, the Hebrides and Mann were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth, although the Scots recognised continuing Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland.Hunter (2000) pp. 106–111Barrett (2008) p. 411 "Agreement between Magnus IV and Alexander III, 1266" Manx Society IV, VII & IX, isleofman.com, Retrieved 23 March 2011
Absorption by Scotland
In the 14th century, Orkney and Shetland remained Norwegian possessions, but Scottish influence was growing. Jon Haraldsson, who was murdered in Thurso in 1231, was the last of an unbroken line of Norse jarls,Crawford, Barbara E. "Orkney in the Middle Ages" in Omand (2003) pp. 72–73 and thereafter the earls were Scots noblemen of the houses of Angus and St Clair.Nicolson (1972) p. 44 On the death of Haakon VI in 1380, "Håkon 6 Magnusson" . Om Store Norske Leksikon, (Norwegian), Retrieved 19 January 2013 Norway formed a Kalmar Union with Denmark, after which the interest of the royal house in the islands declined. In 1469, both Orkney and Shetland was pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money was never paid, the connection with the Crown of Scotland became permanent. In 1470, William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, ceded his title to James III, and the following year the Northern Isles were directly absorbed by the Crown of Scotland,Nicolson (1972) p. 45 an action confirmed by the Parliament of Scotland in 1472.Thomson (2008) p. 204 Nonetheless, Shetland's connection with Norway has proved to be enduring.
18th and 19th centuries
The trade with the North German towns lasted until the Act of Union 1707, after which high salt duties prevented the German merchants from trading with Shetland. Shetland then went into an economic depression, as the local traders were not as skilled in trading salted fish. However, some local merchant-lairds took up where the German merchants had left off, and fitted out their own ships to export fish from Shetland to the Continent. For the independent farmers of Shetland this had negative consequences, as they now had to fish for these merchant-lairds. "History" , visit.shetland.org, Retrieved 20 March 2011
20th century
During World War I, many Shetlanders served in the Gordon Highlanders, a further 3,000 served in the Merchant Navy, and more than 1,500 in a special local naval reserve. The 10th Cruiser Squadron was stationed at Swarbacks Minn (the stretch of water to the south of Muckle Roe), and during a single year from March 1917 more than 4,500 ships sailed from Lerwick as part of an escorted convoy system. In total, Shetland lost more than 500 men, a higher proportion than any other part of Britain, and there were further waves of emigration in the 1920s and 1930s.Nicolson (1972) pp. 91, 94–95
Economy
Today, the main revenue producers in Shetland are agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, renewable energy, the petroleum (crude oil and natural gas production), the creative industries and tourism. "Economy" , move.shetland.org, Retrieved 19 March 2011 Unst also has a Spaceport called SaxaVord Spaceport (previously known as Shetland Space Centre). A February 2021 news item indicated that a rocket manufacturer from Germany, HyImpulse Technologies, planned to launch spacecraft powered by hydrogen from the Spaceport, starting in 2023. During the previous month, the Space Centre had filed plans with Council for a "satellite launch facility and associated infrastructure".
Fishing
Fishing is central to the islands' economy today, with the total catch being in 2009, valued at over £73.2 million. Atlantic mackerel makes up more than half of the catch in Shetland by weight and value, and there are significant landings of haddock, atlantic cod, atlantic herring, whiting, monkfish and shellfish.Shetland Islands Council (2010) pp. 16–17
Energy and fossil fuels
Oil and gas were first landed in 1978 at Sullom Voe, which has subsequently become one of the largest terminals in Europe. "Asset Portfolio: Sullom Voe Termonal" (pdf), BP, Retrieved 19 March 2011 Taxes from the oil have increased public sector spending on social welfare, art, sport, environmental measures and financial development. Three-quarters of the islands' workforce is employed in the service sector,Shetland Islands Council (2010) p. 13 "Shetland's Economy" , Visit.Shetland.org, Retrieved 19 March 2011 and the Shetland Islands Council alone accounted for 27.9% of output in 2003.Shetland Islands Council (2005) p. 13 "Public Sector" , move.shetland.org, Retrieved 19 March 2011 Shetland's access to oil revenues has funded the Shetland Charitable Trust, which in turn funds a wide variety of local programmes. The balance of the fund in 2011 was £217 million, i.e., about £9,500 per head. "Financial Statements 31 March 2011" , Shetland Charitable Trust, Retrieved 8 October 2011
Farming and textiles
Farming is mostly concerned with the raising of Shetland sheep, known for their unusually fine wool. "Home" Shetland Sheep Society, Retrieved 19 March 2011 "Shetland" , Sheep101.info, Retrieved 1 May 2009
Media
Television signals in Shetland are received from the Bressay TV transmitter. Shetland is served by a weekly local newspaper, The Shetland Times and the online Shetland News with radio service being provided by BBC Radio Shetland and the commercial radio station SIBC. Shetland News, , Retrieved 17 March 2011
Tourism
Shetland is a popular destination for cruise ships, and in 2010 the Lonely Planet guide named Shetland as the sixth best region in the world for tourists seeking unspoilt destinations. The islands were described as "beautiful and rewarding" and the Shetlanders as "a fiercely independent and self-reliant bunch".Hough, Andrew (2 November 2010) "Shetland Islands among best places to visit, says Lonely Planet guide" , London, The Telegraph, Retrieved 7 April 2011 Overall visitor expenditure was worth £16.4 million in 2006, in which year just under 26,000 cruise liner passengers arrived at Lerwick Harbour. This business has grown substantially with 109 cruise ships already booked in for 2019, representing over 107,000 passenger visits. In 2009, the most popular visitor attractions were the Shetland Museum, the RSPB reserve at Sumburgh Head, Bonhoga Gallery at Weisdale Mill and Jarlshof.Shetland Islands Council (2010) p. 26 Geopark Shetland (now Shetland UNESCO Global Geopark) was established by the Amenity Trust in 2009 to boost sustainable tourism to the islands.
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic
Tourism dropped significantly in 2020 (and into 2021) due to restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the major decline in the number of cruise ships that continued to operate worldwide.
Quarries
Transport
Transport between islands is primarily by ferry, and Shetland Islands Council operates various SIC Ferries. "Ferries" , shetland.gov.uk, Retrieved 23 May 2011 Shetland is also served by a domestic connection from Lerwick to Aberdeen on mainland Scotland. This service, which takes about 12 hours, is operated by NorthLink Ferries. Some services also call at Kirkwall, Orkney, which increases the journey time between Aberdeen and Lerwick by 2 hours.Shetland Islands Council, (2010), pp. 32, 35 "2011 Timetables" NorthLink Ferries, Retrieved 7 April 2011 There are plans for road tunnels to some of the islands, especially Bressay and Whalsay; however, it is hard to convince the mainland government to finance them.
Governance
The local authority is the Shetland Islands Council, based in Lerwick. It meets at the former St Ringan's Church and has its main offices at 8 North Ness, overlooking the harbour.
Administrative history
On its absorption into Scotland in 1472, the landholdings and jurisdictions of the old lordship of Shetland passed to the Scottish crown. The separate earldom of Orkney was absorbed into Scotland at the same time. More typically Scottish forms of administration were gradually introduced to the Northern Isles. The position of Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland was created in 1541. Shetland and Orkney retained their own legal systems until 1612, when the general laws of Scotland were applied.
Parishes and communities
Parishes existed from medieval times. From 1845 to 1894 they had parish boards and from 1894 to 1930 they had parish councils. They have had no administrative functions since 1930, but continue to be used for the presentation of statistics.
13.2 14.6 26.7 1.5 267.3 16.7 3.6 5.1 26.0 5.2 12.4 4.6 17.1
Community councils
Community councils were created in 1975 as part of the wider reforms that year. They have no statutory powers, but serve as a representative body for their communities. Shetland Islands Council designates community council areas, but a community council is only formed if there is sufficient interest from the residents. Shetland comprises the following communities, all of which have community councils operating as at 2024:
Education
As of early 2021, Shetland had 22 primary schools, five junior high schools, and two high schools: Anderson High School and Brae High School. Shetland College UHI is a partner of the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI). UHI's Centre for Rural Creativity partners with Shetland Arts Development Agency to provide courses on film, music and media up to Masters level at Mareel. The North Atlantic Fisheries College (NAFC) also operates in partnership with UHI offering "a range of training courses relevant to the maritime industries".
Sport
The Shetland Football Association oversees two divisions – a Premier League and a Reserve League – which are affiliated with the Scottish Amateur Football Association. "Spurs crowned senior football champions" . Shetland Times, (1 October 2012), Retrieved 25 July 2014
Churches and religion
The Reformation reached the archipelago in 1560. This was an apparently peaceful transition and there is little evidence of religious intolerance in Shetland's recorded history.Schei (2006) p. 14
Politics
Shetland is represented in the House of Commons as part of the Orkney and Shetland constituency, which elects one Member of Parliament (MP). As of May 2023, and since 2001, the MP is Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat. This seat has been held by the Liberal Democrats or their predecessors the Liberal Party since 1950, longer than any other seat in the United Kingdom. "Alistair Carmichael: MP for Orkney and Shetland" , alistaircarmichael.org.uk, Retrieved 8 September 2009 , alba.org.uk, "The almanac of Scottish elections and politics", Retrieved 9 February 2010 "The Untouchable Orkney & Shetland Isles " (1 October 2009) www.snptacticalvoting.com Retrieved 9 February 2010
Local culture and the arts
After the islands were officially transferred from Norway to Scotland in 1472, several Scots families from the Scottish Lowlands emigrated to Shetland in the 16th and 17th centuries.Goodacre, S. et al. (2005) "Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods" Heredity 95, pp. 129–135. nature.com, Retrieved 20 March 2011 Studies of the genetic makeup of the islands' population, however, indicate that Shetlanders are just under half Scandinavian in origin, and sizeable amounts of Scandinavian ancestry, both patrilineal and matrilineal, have been reported in Orkney (55%) and Shetland (68%). This combination is reflected in many aspects of local life. For example, almost every place name in use can be traced back to the Vikings.Julian Richards, Vikingblod, page 236, Hermon Forlag,
Language
The Norn language was a form of Old Norse spoken in the Northern Isles, and continued to be spoken until the 18th century. It was gradually replaced in Shetland by an insular dialect of Scots language, known as Shetland dialect, which is in turn being replaced by Scottish English. Although Norn was spoken for hundreds of years, it is now extinct and few written sources remain, although influences remain in the Insular Scots dialects. "Velkomen!" , nornlanguage.110mb.com, Retrieved 8 March 2011 The Shetland dialect is used in local radio and dialect writing, and is kept alive by organisations such as Shetland Forwirds, and the Shetland Folk Society. "Culture and Music" , visit.shetland.org, Retrieved 20 March 2011 "Shetland ForWirds" , shetlanddialect.org.uk, Retrieved 20 March 2011 "Shetland Folk Society" , shetlopedia.com, Retrieved 20 March 2011
Music
Shetland's culture and landscapes have inspired a variety of musicians, writers and film-makers. The Forty Fiddlers was formed in the 1950s to promote the traditional fiddle style, which is a vibrant part of local culture today. "The Forty Fiddlers" , shetlopedia.com, Retrieved 8 March 2011 Notable exponents of Shetland folk music include Aly Bain, Jenna Reid, Fiddlers' Bid, and the late Tom Anderson and Peerie Willie Johnson. Thomas Fraser was a who never released a commercial recording during his life, but whose work has become popular more than 20 years after his death in 1978.Culshaw, Peter (18 June 2006) "The Tale of Thomas Fraser" , The Guardian, Retrieved 8 March 2011
Writers
Walter Scott's 1822 novel The Pirate is set in "a remote part of Shetland", and was inspired by his 1814 visit to the islands. The name Jarlshof meaning "Earl's Mansion" is a coinage of his. "Jarlshof" , Gazetteer for Scotland, Retrieved 2 August 2008 Robert Cowie, a doctor born in Lerwick published the 1874 work entitled
Films and television
Michael Powell made The Edge of the World in 1937, a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last 36 inhabitants of the remote island of St Kilda on 29 August 1930. St Kilda lies in the Atlantic Ocean, west of the Outer Hebrides but Powell was unable to get permission to film there. Undaunted, he made the film over four months during the summer of 1936 in Foula and the film transposes these events to Shetland. Forty years later, the documentary Return to the Edge of the World was filmed, capturing a reunion of cast and crew of the film as they revisited the island in 1978.
Wildlife
Shetland has three national nature reserves, at the seabird colonies of Hermaness and Noss, and at Keen of Hamar to preserve the Serpentine soil flora. There are a further 81 SSSIs, which cover 66% or more of the land surfaces of Fair Isle, Papa Stour, Fetlar, Noss, and Foula. Mainland has 45 separate sites.Shetland Islands Council (2010) p. 52
Flora
The landscape in Shetland is marked by the grazing of sheep and the harsh conditions have limited the total number of plant species to about 400. Native such as sorbus aucuparia and malus sylvestris are only found in a few isolated places such as cliffs and loch islands. The flora is dominated by Arctic-alpine plants, wild flowers, moss and lichen. Scilla verna, buck's-horn plantain, Scots lovage, rhodiola rosea and silene uniflora are abundant, especially in sheltered places. Shetland mouse-ear ( Cerastium nigrescens) is an endemism flowering plant found only in Shetland. It was first recorded in 1837 by botanist Thomas Edmondston. Although reported from two other sites in the nineteenth century, it currently grows only on two serpentine hills in the island of Unst. The nationally scarce mertensia is found in several islands and the British Red Listed bryophyte Thamnobryum has also been recorded.Scott, W. and Palmer, R. (1987) The Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Shetland Islands. Shetland Times. Lerwick.Scott, W.; Harvey P.; Riddington R.; and Fisher, M. (2002) Rare Plants of Shetland, Shetland Amenity Trust, Lerwick. "Flora" visit.shetland.org. Retrieved 7 April 2011.Steer, Patrick (1999) "Shetland Biodiversity Audit". Shetland Amenity Trust. Listed marine algae include: Polysiphonia fibrillosa (Dillwyn) Sprengel and Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun and J.Norris, Polysiphonia brodiaei (Dillwyn) Sprengel, Polysiphonia elongata (Hudson) Sprengel, Polysiphonia elongella, Harvey.Maggs, C.A. and Hommersand, M.H. 1993. Seaweeds of the British Isles, The Natural History Museum, London, The Shetland Monkeyflower is unique to Shetland and is a mutation of the Erythranthe (mimulus guttatus) introduced to Shetland in the 19th century.
Fauna
Shetland has numerous seabird colonies. Birds found in the islands include Atlantic puffin, storm-petrel, red-throated diver, northern gannet and great skua (locally called "bonxie").SNH (2008) p. 16 Numerous rarities have also been recorded including black-browed albatross and snow goose. A single pair of bred in Fetlar from 1967 to 1975. "Home" , Nature in Shetland, Retrieved 12 March 2011 The Shetland wren, Fair Isle wren, and Shetland starling are subspecies endemism to Shetland.Williamson, Kenneth (1951) "The wrens of Fair Isle", Ibis 93(4): pp. 599–601, Retrieved 12 March 2011 "Endemic Vertebrates of Shetland" , Nature in Shetland, Retrieved 12 March 2011 There are also populations of various moorland birds such as Eurasian curlew, Northern lapwing, common snipe and golden plover.SNH (2008) p. 10
Domesticated animals
There is a variety of indigenous breeds, of which the diminutive Shetland pony is probably the best known, as well as being an important part of the Shetland farming tradition. The first written record of the pony was in 1603 in the Court Books of Shetland and, for its size, it is the strongest of all the horse breeds. "Breed History" , Shetland Pony Studbook Society, Retrieved 11 May 2012 "Shetland Pony" , Equine World, Retrieved 20 July 2009 Others are the Shetland Sheepdog or "Sheltie", the endangered Shetland cattle "Home" , Shetland Cattle Breeders Association, Retrieved 20 July 2009 and Shetland goose "Shetland Goose" , American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, Retrieved 20 July 2009 and the Shetland sheep which is believed to have originated prior to 1000 AD. "Sheep Breeds — S–St" , Sheep101.info, Retrieved 1 May 2009 The Grice was a breed of semi-domesticated pig that had a habit of attacking lambs. It became extinct sometime between the middle of the nineteenth century and the 1930s.
See also
Lists
About Shetland
Others
Notes
General references
Further reading
(1983). 9780197141076, Published for the University of Aberdeen by Oxford University Press. . ISBN 9780197141076
External links
Categories: Council Areas Of Scotland, Counties Of Scotland, Former Norwegian Colonies, Former Danish Colonies, Highlands And Islands Of Scotland, Lieutenancy Areas Of Scotland, National Scenic Areas Of Scotland, Northern Isles, Kingdom Of Norway, Archipelagoes Of Scotland, Archipelagoes Of The Atlantic Ocean, Counties Of The United Kingdom
|
|
