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Chanyu (p=Chányú) or Shanyu (t=善于), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (p=Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú), was the title used by the supreme rulers of for eight centuries until superseded by the title " Khagan" in 402 AD.Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.
L. Rogers and Edwin G. Pulleyblank argue that the title chanyu may be equivalent to the later attested title tarkhan, suggesting that the Chinese pronunciation was originally dān-ĥwāĥ, an approximation for *darxan.Universität Bonn. Seminar für Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft Zentralasiens: Zentralasiatische Studien, Vol. 24–26, p.21 Linguist Alexander Vovin tentatively proposes a Yeniseian etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢwā, from four roots: * *tɨŋgɨr- "heaven",Georg, Stefan (2001): Türkisch/Mongolisch tengri "Himmel/Gott" und seine Herkunft. Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6: 83–100.Starostin, Sergei A., and Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. Partial * kwala- "son, child", * dar "lower reaches of the Yenisei river" or "north", and * qʌ̄j ~ * χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North"."Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185"Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23–28, pp. 389–394.
| Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于) | *do-mɑnᴬ | 220–209 BC | |
| Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) | *mouᴴ-tuən/mək-tuən < *mûh-tûn/mə̂k-tûn | 209–174 BC | |
| Laoshang Chanyu (老上單于/老上单于) | *louB-dźaŋC | Jiyu (稽鬻) | 174–161 BC |
| Junchen Chanyu (軍臣單于/军臣单于) | *kun-gin | 161–126 BC | |
| Yizhixie Chanyu (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) | *ʔi-ḍiᴴ-ja | 126–114 BC | |
| Wuwei Chanyu (烏維/乌维) | *ʔɑ-wi | 114–105 BC | |
| Er Chanyu (兒單于/儿单于) | *ńe | Wushilu (烏師廬/乌师庐) | 105–102/101 BC |
| Xulihu Chanyu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) / Goulihu (句犁湖) | *hɨo-li-gɑ / *ko-li-ga | 102/101–101/100 BC | |
| Qiedihou (且鞮侯) | *tsiɑ-te-go | 101/100–96 BC | |
| Hulugu Chanyu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) | *ɣuɑ-lok-kɑ | 96–85 BC | |
| Huyandi Chanyu (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) | *ɣɑ-janB/H-te | 85–68 BC | |
| Xulüquanqu Chanyu (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) | *hɨɑ-liɑ-gyan-gɨɑ | 68–60 BC | |
| Woyanqudi Chanyu (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) | *ʔɔk-janB/H-hɨo-te | Tuqitang (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) | 60–58 BC |
| Huhanye Chanyu (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) | *hɑ-gɑn-ja | Jihoushan ( 稽侯狦) | 58 – 31 BC Tuqi 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC Hujie 呼揭單于, 57 BC Juli 車犂單于, 57–56 BC Wuji 烏籍單于, 57 BC Runzhen 閏振單于, 56–54 BC Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC Yilimu 伊利目單于, 49 BC |
| Fuzhulei Ruodi (復株纍若鞮單于/复株累若鞮单于) | *ńak-te | Diaotaomogao (彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋) | 31–20 BC |
| Souxie Chanyu (搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于) | *so-gɛi / *ṣu-gɛi | Jumixu (且麋胥) | 20–12 BC |
| Juya Chanyu (車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于) | *kɨɑ-ŋa | Jumoju (且莫車/攣鞮且莫車) | 12–8 BC |
| Wuzhuliu Chanyu (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) | *ʔɑ-tśo-liu | Nangzhiyasi/Zhi R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, (囊知牙斯) | 8 BC – 13 AD |
| Wulei Chanyu (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) | *ʔɑ-lui | Xian (鹹/挛鞮咸) | 13–18 AD |
| Huduershidaogao Chanyu (呼都而屍道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) | *hɑ-tɑ-ńɨ-śi-douH-kou | Yu (輿/挛鞮舆) | 18–46 AD |
| Wudadihou (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) | *ʔɑ-dɑt-te-ɡo | 46 AD |
| Punu Chanyu (蒲奴) | 46–? AD |
| Youliu (優留) | ?–87 AD |
| Northern Chanyu (北單于) | 88–? AD |
| Yuchujian (於除鞬單于) | 91–93 AD |
| Feng Shanyu-hou (逢侯) | 94–118 AD |
| Sutuhu/Bi (蘇屠胡/比) Huhanxie the Second (呼韓邪第二) Xiluo Shizhu Ti (醯落尸逐鞮) | Brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 | 48–56/55 AD |
| Qiufu Youti/Mo (丘浮尤提) | 55/56–56/57 AD | |
| Yifa Yulüti/Han (伊伐於慮提) | 56/57–59 AD | |
| Xitong Shizhu Houti/Shi (醯僮尸逐侯提) | 59–63 AD | |
| Qiuchu Julinti/Su 丘除車林提 | 63 AD | |
| Huxie Shizhu Houti/Chang (湖邪尸逐侯提) | 63–85 AD | |
| Yitu Yulüti/Xuan (伊屠於閭提/宣) | 85–88 AD | |
| Tuntuhe Shulan Xiulan Shizhu Houti (休蘭尸逐侯提) | 88–93 AD | |
| Anguo Chanyu (安國) | Started a large scale rebellion against the Han | 93–94 AD |
| Shizi (師子) Tingdu Shizhu Houti (亭獨尸逐侯提) | 94–98 AD | |
| Wanshishizhudi/Tan (萬氏尸逐侯提/檀) | Opposed by Feng Shanyu | 98-124AD 98–118 AD |
| Wujihoushizhudi/Ba (烏稽尸逐侯提/拔) | 124–127/128 AD | |
| Xiuli (休利) Qute Ruoshi Zhujiu (去特若尸逐就) | Committed suicide under Chinese pressure | 127/128–140/142? |
| Cheniu | Popularly elected | 140–143 AD |
| Toulouchu (兜樓儲) Hulan Ruoshi Zhujiu(呼蘭若尸逐就) | Appointed puppet at the Chinese court | 143–147 AD |
| Jucheer (居車兒) Yiling Ruoshi Zhujiu (伊陵若尸逐就) | Puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD | 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD) |
| Tute Ruoshi Zhujiu (屠特若尸逐就) ( True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD) | 158–178 AD | |
| Huzheng (呼徵) | 178–179 AD | |
| Qiangqu (羌渠) | Jiangqu; killed in Chuge Xiongnu rebellion | 179–188 AD |
| Yufuluo (於扶羅) Chizhi Shizhuhou (特至尸逐侯) | Exiled puppet chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the Southern Xiongnu rebels led by the Xiuchuge and Xiluo clans. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang in Shanxi. | 188–195 AD |
| Marquis of Xubu (須卜骨都侯) ( True name unknown) | Installed by the Xiuchuge and rebel faction after they ousted Yufuluo. After his death, his followers abolished the chanyu title and replaced him with a nominal king, but Yufuluo continued to claim the chanyu title in exile. | 188–189 AD |
| Huchuquan Chanyu (呼廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother, he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu. After Yufuluo died, After he was detained at Ye. In 216, the Chinese court formally abolished the chanyu office. | 195–216 AD |
| Liu Yuan (劉淵) | Founder of the Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文)[2] note 208 | Yuanhai (元海) | 304–? |
| Liu Cong (劉聰) | Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu (昭武) | Xuanming (玄明) | 310–? |
| Liu Can (劉粲) | Han-Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin (隱) | Shiguang (士光) | ?–? |
| Liu Yin (劉胤) | Han-Zhao state imperial prince | Yisun (義孫) | 325–? |
| Helian Bobo (赫連勃勃) | Founder of the Helian Xia state, a.k.a. Emperor Wulie (武烈) | Qujie (屈孑) | 407–? |
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