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Sabacon is a genus of the Monotypic taxon harvestman family Sabaconidae, with 59 species (as of 2023).
While the Asian and North American species are easy to differentiate from one another by male genital traits. The various European species are very similar to each other, and can be closely related to Sabacon cavicolens from the eastern United States. Another American species Sabacon mitchelli, which, like the larger S. cavicolens also occurs in the eastern United States, notably lacks cheliceral glands in the male. Species from the western United States seem closely related to Asian forms. Sabacon astoriensis, initially collected from dried seaweed and debris in beach dunes from Oregon, is morphologically similar to the Asian species Sabacon dentipalpis and Sabacon makinoi.
The genus Sabacon is widespread in the temperate northern hemisphere, even extending into the subarctic, with the most southern records from caves in the southeastern United States and high elevations in Nepal. The center of diversification seems to be in Asia, where many species were described from Japan, Korea and Nepal. Some species occur in Europe.
Range
Sabacon species exhibits a wide, yet highly disjunct, distribution. Species can be found throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, though individual species usually have very restricted distributions.
Ecology
Almost all Sabacon species prefer moist, cool microhabitats, and many species live in , but none are modified for cave life. Outside of caves they are often found in forests or shaded .
Etymology
The name of the type genus is supposedly derived from "Shabaka", an Ancient Egypt ruler. Consequentially, genus name is treated as masculine, although before its derivation was clarified some authors or online sources mistakenly treated it as neuter, e.g. 's Biology Catalog.
Fossil record
There is one extinct species † Sabacon claviger, known from Eocene Baltic amber. Another named species † Sabacon bachofeni also from Baltic amber was later revised as its junior synonym. Staręga (2002: p. 602) indicates that for all such the Baltic Amber material, "The Eocene locality fits into the present range of the genus Sabacon"
Relationships
Sabaconidae belongs to the superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea. The family Sabaconidae originally consisted of just the genus Sabacon, though Taracus was later added to the family. Hesperonemastoma was later transferred in to further expand this family after molecular studies confirmed it was closely related to Taracus. However, a new family, Taracidae, was then erected for Hesperonemastoma and Taracus, leaving Sabaconidae restored once again with just a single genus ( i.e. monogeneric). Currently, Sabaconidae is thought to be more closely related to Taracidae than Ischyropsalididae. The internal relationships of Sabaconidae are poorly understood.
Taxonomy
Sabacon contains the following species, per World Catalog of Opiliones. Of the 59 described species (as of 2023), two are further subdivided into subspecies.
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