Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), also known as RHAMM (Receptor for Hyaluronan Mediated Motility) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HMMR gene. RHAMM recently has been also designated CD168 (cluster of differentiation 168).
Function
Intracellularly, RHAMM associates with microtubules and, working with BRCA1 and BARD1, plays a role in the regulation of mitosis, and in maintaining mitotic spindle integrity. RHAMM also binds directly with ERK1 and forms complexes with ERK1,2 and MEK1, suggesting a role as a scaffold protein that targets these MAP kinases to the nucleus.
Extracellularly, RHAMM associates with CD44, and upon binding to hyaluronan, activates intracellular signaling pathways, mainly the MAPK pathway via ERK1,2 activation Variants of RHAMM caused by alternative splicing have been observed, and alternative start codon usage has been proposed in mice and directly observed in humans.
Clinical significance
Elevated levels of RHAMM and hyaluronan are associated with the likelihood of undergoing biochemical failure in intermediate risk prostate cancer patients. RHAMM is also one of 3 associated with aggressiveness in a multivariate analysis of human prostate tumors and elevated levels of RHAMM are associated with both androgen deprivation therapy and castration resistant disease. RHAMM has also been identified as one of 4 gene products identified in circulating tumor cells in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
While RHAMM has been less studied than CD44 in the process of cancer metastasis, it is likely just as important in this process and can act in concert with, or independently of CD44 to promote cell motility. Increased RHAMM expression is correlated with metastases in colorectal cancer, among others. Mechanistically, RHAMM has been shown to promote cell motility through a number of different pathways. As with CD44, RHAMM can promote focal adhesion turnover by controlling focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and cooperating with the α4β1 and α5β1 integrins. RHAMM also activates a number of downstream kinases including enhancing the intensity and sustaining the duration of ERK1 / ERK2 activation through the map kinase (MAPK) pathway, pp60 (c-src), and the downstream targets of rho kinase (ROK). Finally, once a metastatic lesion has been established, RHAMM can cooperate with CD44 to promote angiogenesis by promoting migration of neighboring endothelial cells towards the tumor.
Further reading
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