Product Code Database
A sermon is a religious discourse or oration by a preacher, usually a member of clergy. Sermons address a scriptural, theological, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law, or behavior within both past and present contexts. Elements of the sermon often include exposition, exhortation, and practical application. The act of delivering a sermon is called preaching. In secular usage, the word sermon may refer, often disparagingly, to a lecture on .
In Christianity practice, a sermon is usually preached to a congregation in a place of worship, either from an elevated architectural feature, known as a pulpit or an ambo, or from behind a lectern. The word sermon comes from a Middle English word which was derived from Old French, which in turn originates from the Latin word sermō meaning 'discourse.' A sermonette is a short sermon (usually associated with television broadcasting, as stations would present a sermonette before signing off for the night). The Christian Bible contains many speeches without interlocution, which some take to be sermons: Jesus' Sermon on the Mount in Matthew 5–7 (though the gospel writers do not specifically call it a sermon; the popular descriptor for Jesus' speech there came much later); and Saint Peter after Pentecost in Acts 2:14–40 (though this speech was delivered to non-Christians and as such is not quite parallel to the popular definition of a sermon).
In Islam, sermons are known as khutbah.
The word sermon is used contemporarily to describe many famous moments in Christian (and Jewish) history. The most famous example is the Sermon on the Mount by Jesus. This address was given around 30 AD,Kent, Emerson. Sermon on the Mount. EmersonKent.com. Famous Speeches In History. Retrieved 13 July 2015. and is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew (, including introductory and concluding material) as being delivered on a mount on the north end of the Sea of Galilee, near Capernaum. It is also contained in some of the other gospel narratives.
During the later history of Christianity, several figures became known for their addresses that later became regarded as sermons. Examples in the early church include Saint Peter (see especially Acts ), Stephen (see ), Tertullian and John Chrysostom. These addresses were used to spread Christianity across Europe and Asia Minor, and as such are not sermons in the modern sense, but evangelistic messages.
The sermon has been an important part of Christian services since early Christianity, and remains prominent in both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. sometimes figure in these traditions of worship, for example the Methodist local preachers, but in general preaching has usually been a function of the clergy. (2025). 9780687335312, Abingdon Press. ISBN 9780687335312 The Dominican Order is officially known as the Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum in Latin language); of this order were trained to publicly preach in vernacular languages, and the order was created by Saint Dominic to preach to the of southern France in the early 13th century. The Franciscans are another important preaching order; Travelling preachers, usually friars, were an important feature of late medieval Catholicism. In 1448 the church authorities seated at Angers prohibited open-air preaching in France.Dictionary of the Middle Ages. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1988. v. 10, p. 77. . If a sermon is delivered during the Mass it comes after the Gospel is sung or read. If it is delivered by the priest or bishop that offers the Mass then he removes his maniple, and in some cases his chasuble, because the sermon is not part of the Mass. A bishop preaches his sermon wearing his mitre while seated whereas a priest, or on rare occasions a deacon, preaches standing and wearing his biretta.
In most denominations, modern preaching is kept below forty minutes, but historic preachers of all denominations could at times speak for several hours,Francis, 10 and use techniques of rhetoric and theatre that are today somewhat out of fashion in mainline churches.
During the Middle Ages, sermons inspired the beginnings of new religious institutes (e.g., Saint Dominic and Francis of Assisi). Pope Urban II began the First Crusade in November 1095 at the Council of Clermont, France, when he exhorted French knights to retake the Holy Land.
The academic study of sermons, the analysis and classification of their preparation, composition and delivery, is called homiletics.
A controversial issue that aroused strong feelings in early modern Britain was whether sermons should be read from a fully prepared text, or extemporized, perhaps from some notes.Francis, 13–14 Many sermons have been written down, collected and published; published sermons were a major and profitable literary form, and category of books in the book trade, from at least the Late Antique Church to about the late 19th century.Francis, 19–21 Many clergymen openly recycled large chunks of published sermons in their own preaching.Francis, 14 Such sermons include John Wesley's Forty-four Sermons, John Chrysostom's Homily on the Resurrection (preached every Easter in Orthodox churches) and Gregory Nazianzus' homily "On the Theophany, or Birthday of Christ" (preached every Christmas in Orthodox churches). The 80 sermons in German of the Dominican Order Johannes Tauler (1300–1361) were read for centuries after his death.
Martin Luther published his sermons ( Postil) on the Sunday lessons for the edification of readers. This tradition was continued by Martin Chemnitz and Johann Arndt, as well as many others into the following centuries—for example CH Spurgeon's stenographed sermons, The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit.Spurgeon, C.H., Spurgeon's Sermons, Baker 2003, The widow of Archbishop of Canterbury John Tillotson (1630–1694) received £2,500 for the manuscripts of his sermons, a very large sum.
The Lutheranism gave importance to both the preaching of the Gospel and the celebration of the Eucharist during the Mass (Divine Service). (2025). 9780521856799, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521856799 Lutheranism largely preserved the order of the Mass, including the position of the sermon within it, while giving it more prominence. In the Reformed (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Anglican and Congregationalist) churches, the sermon came to replace the Eucharist as the central act of worship. While Luther retained the use of the lectionary for selecting texts for preaching, the Swiss Reformers, such as Ulrich Zwingli, Johannes Oecolampadius, and John Calvin, notably returned to the patristic model of preaching through books of the Bible. The goal of Protestant worship, as conditioned by these reforms, was above all to offer glory to God for the gift of grace in Jesus Christ, to rouse the congregation to a deeper faith, and to inspire them to practice works of love for the benefit of the neighbor, rather than carry on with potentially empty rituals.
During , Methodist preachers are known for their sermons aimed at encouraging congregants to experience the born again (first work of grace) and entire sanctification (second work of grace).
In Evangelical Christianity, the sermon is also called the "message". It occupies an important place in worship service, half the time, about 45 to 60 minutes. Bruce E. Shields, David Alan Butzu, Generations of Praise: The History of Worship, College Press, USA, 2006, p. 307-308Franklin M. Segler, Randall Bradley, Christian Worship: Its Theology and Practice, B&H Publishing Group, USA, 2006, p. 145 Pew Research Center, The Digital Pulpit: A Nationwide Analysis of Online Sermons, pewforum.org, USA, December 16, 2019 This message can be supported by a powerpoint, images and videos.Christina L. Baade, James Andrew Deaville, Music and the Broadcast Experience: Performance, Production, and Audience, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 300 In some churches, messages are grouped into thematic series. Susan Cartmell, UnCommon Preaching: An Alternative to the Lectionary, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2015, p. 27 The one who brings the message is usually a pastor trained either in a bible college or independently. Michel Deneken, Francis Messner, Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, La théologie à l'Université: statut, programmes et évolutions, Editions Labor et Fides, França, 2009, p. 61 Evangelical sermons are broadcast on the radio, on television channels (televangelism), on the Internet, on Web portal, on the website of the churches Sébastien Fath, Dieu XXL, la révolution des mégachurches, Éditions Autrement, França, 2008, p. 151-153 Christine Gudorf, Zainal Abidin, Mathen Tahun, "Aspirations for Modernity and Prosperity", Casemate Publishers, USA, 2015, p. 82 and through social media like YouTube and Facebook. Mark Ward Sr., The Electronic Church in the Digital Age: Cultural Impacts of Evangelical Mass Media , ABC-CLIO, USA, 2015, p. 78
Among the most famous Catholic sermons are St. Francis of Assisi's Sermon to the Birds, St. Alphonsus Liguori's Italian , St. Robert Bellarmine's sermons during the counter-reformation period in , the French by St. John Vianney and the of Ælfric of Eynsham.
Sermons can be both written and spoken out loud.
With the advent of reception theory, researchers also became aware that how sermons are listened to affects their meaning as much as how they are delivered. The expectations of the congregation, their prior experience of listening to oral texts, their level of scriptural education, and the relative social positions—often reflected in the physical arrangement—of sermon-goers vis-a-vis the preacher are part of the meaning of the sermon.
Albert Raboteau describes a common style of Black preaching first developed in America in the early 19th century, and common throughout the 20th and into the 21st centuries:
The Bible says that the Holy Spirit gives disciples the inspiration to speak:
Matthew 10:16-20
According to some people, when Jesus says "take no thought how or what ye shall speak" he is saying that it is better not to script your speeches or sermons, but to let the Holy Spirit of your Father speak through you. Others see the expression as simply a comforting exhortation not to worry or be anxious, but to rest confident that God is in control (cf. Phil. 2:12-13). In other places the apostle Paul emphatically underscored the importance of diligent work in study and preparation (I Tim. 4:13-16; II Tim. 2:15).
Today impromptu preaching is practiced by unprogrammed Quakers, Mennonites and some Pentecostals.
While some might say this style is distinct from impromptu preaching, and that the preacher gives no specific preparation to their message, what Charles Spurgeon referred to as "impromptu preaching" he considered to be the same as extemporaneous preaching. (1989). 9780310329114, Ministry Resources Library, Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 9780310329114 He, in his sermon "The Faculty of Impromptu Speech", describes extemporaneous preaching as a process of the preacher immersing himself in the Scriptures and prayer, knowing it so well that he only needs to find the appropriate words in the moment that the sermon is given. He states,
Henry Ware Jr. states,
On the other hand, it is distinct from many other forms of memorization preaching. Proponents claim that the importance of preaching demands it be extemporaneous.
The style was popular in the late 19th century among Baptist (Primitive Baptist especially), Methodist, Unitarianism, and some Presbyterians preachers, such as Blackleach Burritt. Some of the more famous who employed it were Charles Haddon Spurgeon, (1989). 9780310329114, Ministry Resources Library, Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 9780310329114 Charles Grandison Finney and Peter Cartwright.
Christianity
Judaism
Islam
|
|
